diff --git a/ConflictSet.cpp b/ConflictSet.cpp
index 6be8671..728a69f 100644
--- a/ConflictSet.cpp
+++ b/ConflictSet.cpp
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <compare>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <map>
 #include <random>
 #include <span>
+#include <string>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -466,9 +468,32 @@ void lastLeqMulti(Arena &arena, Node *root, std::span<Key> keys,
   fprintf(file, "}\n");
 }
 
+[[maybe_unused]] void printLogical(std::string &result, Node *node) {
+  for (auto iter = extrema(node, false); iter != nullptr;) {
+    auto *next = ::next(iter, true);
+    std::string key;
+    for (auto c : std::string_view((const char *)(iter + 1), iter->len)) {
+      key += "x";
+      key += "0123456789abcdef"[c / 16];
+      key += "0123456789abcdef"[c % 16];
+    }
+    if (iter->pointVersion == iter->rangeVersion) {
+      result += key + " -> " + std::to_string(iter->pointVersion) + "\n";
+    } else {
+      result += key + " -> " + std::to_string(iter->pointVersion) + "\n";
+      if (next == nullptr ||
+          (std::string_view((const char *)(next + 1), iter->len) !=
+           (std::string((const char *)(iter + 1), iter->len) +
+            std::string("\x00", 1)))) {
+        result += key + "x00 -> " + std::to_string(iter->rangeVersion) + "\n";
+      }
+    }
+    iter = next;
+  }
+}
+
 [[maybe_unused]] Key toKey(Arena &arena, int n) {
   constexpr int kMaxLength = 4;
-  // TODO use arena allocation
   int i = kMaxLength;
   uint8_t *itoaBuf = new (arena) uint8_t[kMaxLength];
   memset(itoaBuf, '0', kMaxLength);
@@ -479,6 +504,19 @@ void lastLeqMulti(Arena &arena, Node *root, std::span<Key> keys,
   return Key{itoaBuf, kMaxLength};
 }
 
+[[maybe_unused]] Key toKeyAfter(Arena &arena, int n) {
+  constexpr int kMaxLength = 4;
+  int i = kMaxLength;
+  uint8_t *itoaBuf = new (arena) uint8_t[kMaxLength + 1];
+  memset(itoaBuf, '0', kMaxLength);
+  itoaBuf[kMaxLength] = 0;
+  do {
+    itoaBuf[--i] = "0123456789abcdef"[n % 16];
+    n /= 16;
+  } while (n);
+  return Key{itoaBuf, kMaxLength + 1};
+}
+
 // Recompute maxVersion, and propagate up the tree as necessary
 // TODO interleave this? Will require careful analysis for correctness, and the
 // performance gains may not be worth it.
@@ -588,8 +626,6 @@ bool checkInvariants(Node *node) {
   checkMaxVersion(node, success);
   checkParentPointers(node, success);
 
-  // TODO Compare logical contents of map with
-  // reference implementation
   return success;
 }
 
@@ -823,21 +859,105 @@ namespace std {
 void __throw_length_error(const char *) { abort(); }
 } // namespace std
 
+namespace {
+struct ReferenceImpl {
+  explicit ReferenceImpl(int64_t oldestVersion) : oldestVersion(oldestVersion) {
+    writeVersionMap[""] = oldestVersion;
+  }
+  void check(const ConflictSet::ReadRange *reads, ConflictSet::Result *results,
+             int count) const {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      if (reads[i].readVersion < oldestVersion) {
+        results[i] = ConflictSet::TooOld;
+        continue;
+      }
+      auto begin =
+          std::string((const char *)reads[i].begin.p, reads[i].begin.len);
+      auto end =
+          reads[i].end.len == 0
+              ? begin + std::string("\x00", 1)
+              : std::string((const char *)reads[i].end.p, reads[i].end.len);
+      int64_t maxVersion = oldestVersion;
+      for (auto iter = --writeVersionMap.upper_bound(begin),
+                endIter = writeVersionMap.lower_bound(end);
+           iter != endIter; ++iter) {
+        maxVersion = std::max(maxVersion, iter->second);
+      }
+      results[i] = maxVersion > reads[i].readVersion ? ConflictSet::Conflict
+                                                     : ConflictSet::Commit;
+    }
+  }
+  void addWrites(const ConflictSet::WriteRange *writes, int count) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      auto begin =
+          std::string((const char *)writes[i].begin.p, writes[i].begin.len);
+      auto end =
+          writes[i].end.len == 0
+              ? begin + std::string("\x00", 1)
+              : std::string((const char *)writes[i].end.p, writes[i].end.len);
+      auto writeVersion = writes[i].writeVersion;
+      auto prevVersion = (--writeVersionMap.upper_bound(end))->second;
+      for (auto iter = writeVersionMap.lower_bound(begin),
+                endIter = writeVersionMap.lower_bound(end);
+           iter != endIter;) {
+        iter = writeVersionMap.erase(iter);
+      }
+      writeVersionMap[begin] = writeVersion;
+      writeVersionMap[end] = prevVersion;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void setOldestVersion(int64_t oldestVersion) {
+    this->oldestVersion = oldestVersion;
+  }
+
+  void printLogical(std::string &result) {
+    for (const auto &[k, v] : writeVersionMap) {
+      std::string key;
+      for (auto c : k) {
+        key += "x";
+        key += "0123456789abcdef"[c / 16];
+        key += "0123456789abcdef"[c % 16];
+      }
+      result += key + " -> " + std::to_string(v) + "\n";
+    }
+  }
+
+  int64_t oldestVersion;
+  std::map<std::string, int64_t> writeVersionMap;
+};
+} // namespace
+
 #ifdef ENABLE_TESTS
+
 int main(void) {
   int64_t writeVersion = 0;
   ConflictSet::Impl cs{writeVersion};
+  ReferenceImpl refImpl{writeVersion};
   Arena arena;
-  constexpr int kNumKeys = 100;
+  constexpr int kNumKeys = 10;
   auto *write = new (arena) ConflictSet::WriteRange[kNumKeys];
   for (int i = 0; i < kNumKeys; ++i) {
     write[i].begin = toKey(arena, i);
+    write[i].end = toKeyAfter(arena, i);
     write[i].end.len = 0;
     write[i].writeVersion = ++writeVersion;
   }
   cs.addWrites(write, kNumKeys);
+  refImpl.addWrites(write, kNumKeys);
   debugPrintDot(stdout, cs.root);
   bool success = checkInvariants(cs.root);
+  std::string logicalMap;
+  std::string referenceLogicalMap;
+  printLogical(logicalMap, cs.root);
+  refImpl.printLogical(referenceLogicalMap);
+  if (logicalMap != referenceLogicalMap) {
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "Logical map not equal to reference logical map.\n\nActual:\n"
+            "%s\nExpected:\n%s\n",
+            logicalMap.c_str(), referenceLogicalMap.c_str());
+    success = false;
+  }
   return success ? 0 : 1;
 }
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file