Reordering seems to improve codegen

low bits of lcg have low periods

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -24,6 +24,14 @@ repos:
         entry: "^#define SHOW_MEMORY 1$"
         language: pygrep
         types: [c++]
+  - repo: local
+    hooks:
+      - id: sim cache misses check
+        name: disallow checking in SIM_CACHE_MISSES=1
+        description: disallow checking in SIM_CACHE_MISSES=1
+        entry: "^#define SIM_CACHE_MISSES 1$"
+        language: pygrep
+        types: [c++]
   - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
     rev: a23f6b85d0fdd5bb9d564e2579e678033debbdff # frozen: v0.10.0.1
     hooks:

Bench.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 void showMemory(const ConflictSet &cs);
 #endif
 
-#define ANKERL_NANOBENCH_IMPLEMENT
 #include "third_party/nanobench.h"
 
 constexpr int kNumKeys = 1000000;

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18)
 project(
   conflict-set
-  VERSION 0.0.12
+  VERSION 0.0.14
   DESCRIPTION
     "A data structure for optimistic concurrency control on ranges of bitwise-lexicographically-ordered keys."
   HOMEPAGE_URL "https://git.weaselab.dev/weaselab/conflict-set"
@@ -72,12 +72,6 @@ else()
   add_link_options(-Wl,--gc-sections)
 endif()
 
-if(EMSCRIPTEN)
-  # https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/issues/15377#issuecomment-1285167486
-  add_link_options(-lnodefs.js -lnoderawfs.js)
-  add_link_options(-s ALLOW_MEMORY_GROWTH)
-endif()
-
 if(NOT USE_SIMD_FALLBACK)
   cmake_push_check_state()
   list(APPEND CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS -mavx)
@@ -144,6 +138,8 @@ include(CTest)
 # disable tests if this is being used through e.g. FetchContent
 if(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR AND BUILD_TESTING)
 
+  add_library(nanobench ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/nanobench.cpp)
+
   set(TEST_FLAGS -Wall -Wextra -Wunreachable-code -Wpedantic -UNDEBUG)
 
   # corpus tests, which are tests curated by libfuzzer. The goal is to get broad
@@ -191,6 +187,7 @@ if(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR AND BUILD_TESTING)
   target_include_directories(conflict_set_main
                              PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
   target_compile_definitions(conflict_set_main PRIVATE ENABLE_MAIN)
+  target_link_libraries(conflict_set_main PRIVATE nanobench)
 
   if(NOT APPLE)
     # libfuzzer target, to generate/manage corpus
@@ -276,9 +273,15 @@ if(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR AND BUILD_TESTING)
 
   find_program(VALGRIND_EXE valgrind)
   if(VALGRIND_EXE AND NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
-    add_test(NAME conflict_set_blackbox_valgrind
+    list(LENGTH CORPUS_TESTS len)
-             COMMAND ${VALGRIND_EXE} --error-exitcode=99 --
+    math(EXPR last "${len} - 1")
-                     $<TARGET_FILE:driver> ${CORPUS_TESTS})
+    set(partition_size 100)
+    foreach(i RANGE 0 ${last} ${partition_size})
+      list(SUBLIST CORPUS_TESTS ${i} ${partition_size} partition)
+      add_test(NAME conflict_set_blackbox_valgrind_${i}
+               COMMAND ${VALGRIND_EXE} --error-exitcode=99 --
+                       $<TARGET_FILE:driver> ${partition})
+    endforeach()
   endif()
 
   # api smoke tests
@@ -330,7 +333,7 @@ if(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR AND BUILD_TESTING)
 
   # bench
   add_executable(conflict_set_bench Bench.cpp)
-  target_link_libraries(conflict_set_bench PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME})
+  target_link_libraries(conflict_set_bench PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME} nanobench)
   set_target_properties(conflict_set_bench PROPERTIES SKIP_BUILD_RPATH ON)
   add_executable(real_data_bench RealDataBench.cpp)
   target_link_libraries(real_data_bench PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME})
@@ -345,6 +348,14 @@ if(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR AND BUILD_TESTING)
   add_executable(server_bench ServerBench.cpp)
   target_link_libraries(server_bench PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME})
   set_target_properties(server_bench PROPERTIES SKIP_BUILD_RPATH ON)
+
+  add_executable(interleaving_test InterleavingTest.cpp)
+  # work around lack of musttail for gcc
+  if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU" AND CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+    target_compile_options(interleaving_test PRIVATE -Og
+                                                     -foptimize-sibling-calls)
+  endif()
+  target_link_libraries(interleaving_test PRIVATE nanobench)
 endif()
 
 # packaging

InterleavingTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+#include <alloca.h>
+#include <cassert>
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "third_party/nanobench.h"
+
+struct Job {
+  int *input;
+  // Returned void* is a function pointer to the next continuation. We have to
+  // use void* because otherwise the type would be recursive.
+  typedef void *(*continuation)(Job *);
+  continuation next;
+};
+
+void *stepJob(Job *j) {
+  auto done = --(*j->input) == 0;
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+  _mm_clflush(j->input);
+#endif
+  return done ? nullptr : (void *)stepJob;
+}
+
+void sequential(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    do {
+      jobs[i]->next = (Job::continuation)jobs[i]->next(jobs[i]);
+    } while (jobs[i]->next);
+  }
+}
+
+void sequentialNoFuncPtr(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    while (stepJob(jobs[i]))
+      ;
+  }
+}
+
+void interleaveSwapping(Job **jobs, int remaining) {
+  int current = 0;
+  while (remaining > 0) {
+    auto next = (Job::continuation)jobs[current]->next(jobs[current]);
+    jobs[current]->next = next;
+    if (next == nullptr) {
+      jobs[current] = jobs[remaining - 1];
+      --remaining;
+    } else {
+      ++current;
+    }
+    if (current == remaining) {
+      current = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void interleaveBoundedCyclicList(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  if (count == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  constexpr int kConcurrent = 32;
+  Job *inProgress[kConcurrent];
+  int nextJob[kConcurrent];
+
+  int started = std::min(kConcurrent, count);
+  for (int i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+    inProgress[i] = jobs[i];
+    nextJob[i] = i + 1;
+  }
+  nextJob[started - 1] = 0;
+
+  int prevJob = started - 1;
+  int job = 0;
+  for (;;) {
+    auto next = (Job::continuation)inProgress[job]->next(inProgress[job]);
+    inProgress[job]->next = next;
+    if (next == nullptr) {
+      if (started == count) {
+        if (prevJob == job)
+          break;
+        nextJob[prevJob] = nextJob[job];
+        job = prevJob;
+      } else {
+        int temp = started++;
+        inProgress[job] = jobs[temp];
+      }
+    }
+    prevJob = job;
+    job = nextJob[job];
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef __has_attribute
+#define __has_attribute(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if __has_attribute(musttail)
+#define MUSTTAIL __attribute__((musttail))
+#else
+#define MUSTTAIL
+#endif
+
+struct Context {
+  constexpr static int kConcurrent = 32;
+  Job **jobs;
+  Job *inProgress[kConcurrent];
+  void (*continuation[kConcurrent])(Context *, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job,
+                                    int64_t started, int64_t count);
+  int nextJob[kConcurrent];
+};
+
+void keepGoing(Context *context, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job, int64_t started,
+               int64_t count) {
+  prevJob = job;
+  job = context->nextJob[job];
+  MUSTTAIL return context->continuation[job](context, prevJob, job, started,
+                                             count);
+}
+
+void stepJobTailCall(Context *context, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job,
+                     int64_t started, int64_t count);
+
+void complete(Context *context, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job, int64_t started,
+              int64_t count) {
+  if (started == count) {
+    if (prevJob == job) {
+      return;
+    }
+    context->nextJob[prevJob] = context->nextJob[job];
+    job = prevJob;
+  } else {
+    context->inProgress[job] = context->jobs[started++];
+    context->continuation[job] = stepJobTailCall;
+  }
+  prevJob = job;
+  job = context->nextJob[job];
+  MUSTTAIL return context->continuation[job](context, prevJob, job, started,
+                                             count);
+}
+
+void stepJobTailCall(Context *context, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job,
+                     int64_t started, int64_t count) {
+  auto *j = context->inProgress[job];
+  auto done = --(*j->input) == 0;
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+  _mm_clflush(j->input);
+#endif
+  if (done) {
+    MUSTTAIL return complete(context, prevJob, job, started, count);
+  } else {
+    context->continuation[job] = stepJobTailCall;
+    MUSTTAIL return keepGoing(context, prevJob, job, started, count);
+  }
+}
+
+void useTailCalls(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  if (count == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  Context context;
+  context.jobs = jobs;
+  int64_t started = std::min(Context::kConcurrent, count);
+  for (int i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+    context.inProgress[i] = jobs[i];
+    context.nextJob[i] = i + 1;
+    context.continuation[i] = stepJobTailCall;
+  }
+  context.nextJob[started - 1] = 0;
+  int prevJob = started - 1;
+  int job = 0;
+  return context.continuation[job](&context, prevJob, job, started, count);
+}
+
+void interleaveCyclicList(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  auto *nextJob = (int *)alloca(sizeof(int) * count);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; ++i) {
+    nextJob[i] = i + 1;
+  }
+  nextJob[count - 1] = 0;
+
+  int prevJob = count - 1;
+  int job = 0;
+  for (;;) {
+    auto next = (Job::continuation)jobs[job]->next(jobs[job]);
+    jobs[job]->next = next;
+    if (next == nullptr) {
+      if (prevJob == job)
+        break;
+      nextJob[prevJob] = nextJob[job];
+      job = prevJob;
+    }
+    prevJob = job;
+    job = nextJob[job];
+  }
+}
+
+int main() {
+  ankerl::nanobench::Bench bench;
+
+  constexpr int kNumJobs = 10000;
+  bench.relative(true);
+
+  Job jobs[kNumJobs];
+  Job jobsCopy[kNumJobs];
+  int iters = 0;
+  int originalInput[kNumJobs];
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+    originalInput[i] = rand() % 5 + 3;
+    jobs[i].input = new int{originalInput[i]};
+    jobs[i].next = stepJob;
+    iters += *jobs[i].input;
+  }
+  bench.batch(iters);
+
+  for (auto [scheduler, name] :
+       {std::make_pair(sequentialNoFuncPtr, "sequentialNoFuncPtr"),
+        std::make_pair(sequential, "sequential"),
+        std::make_pair(useTailCalls, "useTailCalls"),
+        std::make_pair(interleaveSwapping, "interleavingSwapping"),
+        std::make_pair(interleaveBoundedCyclicList,
+                       "interleaveBoundedCyclicList"),
+        std::make_pair(interleaveCyclicList, "interleaveCyclicList")}) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+      *jobs[i].input = originalInput[i];
+    }
+    memcpy(jobsCopy, jobs, sizeof(jobs));
+    Job *ps[kNumJobs];
+    for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+      ps[i] = jobsCopy + i;
+    }
+    scheduler(ps, kNumJobs);
+    for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+      if (*jobsCopy[i].input != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s failed\n", name);
+        abort();
+      }
+    }
+
+    bench.run(name, [&]() {
+      for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+        *jobs[i].input = originalInput[i];
+      }
+      memcpy(jobsCopy, jobs, sizeof(jobs));
+      Job *ps[kNumJobs];
+      for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+        ps[i] = jobsCopy + i;
+      }
+      scheduler(ps, kNumJobs);
+    });
+  }
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+    delete jobs[i].input;
+  }
+}

Internal.h

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ using namespace weaselab;
 #include <thread>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <utility>
-#include <vector>
 
 #include <callgrind.h>
 
@@ -748,7 +747,10 @@ struct TestDriver {
       fprintf(stderr, "%p Set oldest version: %" PRId64 "\n", this,
               oldestVersion);
 #endif
+      CALLGRIND_START_INSTRUMENTATION;
       cs.setOldestVersion(oldestVersion);
+      CALLGRIND_STOP_INSTRUMENTATION;
+
       if constexpr (kEnableAssertions) {
         refImpl.setOldestVersion(oldestVersion);
       }

Jenkinsfile

@@ -48,6 +48,17 @@ pipeline {
                 recordIssues(tools: [clang()])
             }
         }
+        stage('64 bit versions') {
+            agent {
+                dockerfile {
+                    args '-v /home/jenkins/ccache:/ccache'
+                    reuseNode true
+                }
+            }
+            steps {
+                CleanBuildAndTest("-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-DUSE_64_BIT=1")
+            }
+        }
         stage('Debug') {
             agent {
                 dockerfile {
@@ -118,7 +129,7 @@ pipeline {
             }
             steps {
                 script {
-                    filter_args = "-f ConflictSet.cpp -f LongestCommonPrefix.h"
+                    filter_args = "-f ConflictSet.cpp -f LongestCommonPrefix.h -f Metrics.h"
                 }
                 CleanBuildAndTest("-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS=--coverage -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=--coverage -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DDISABLE_TSAN=ON")
                 sh """

Metrics.h

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "ConflictSet.h"
+#include "Internal.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <tuple>
+
+struct Metric {
+  Metric *prev;
+  const char *name;
+  const char *help;
+  weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1::Type type;
+  std::atomic<int64_t> value;
+
+protected:
+  Metric(Metric *&metricList, int &metricsCount, const char *name,
+         const char *help, weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1::Type type)
+      : prev(std::exchange(metricList, this)), name(name), help(help),
+        type(type), value(0) {
+    ++metricsCount;
+  }
+};
+
+struct Gauge : private Metric {
+  Gauge(Metric *&metricList, int &metricsCount, const char *name,
+        const char *help)
+      : Metric(metricList, metricsCount, name, help,
+               weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1::Gauge) {}
+
+  void set(int64_t value) {
+    this->value.store(value, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+};
+
+struct Counter : private Metric {
+  Counter(Metric *&metricList, int &metricsCount, const char *name,
+          const char *help)
+      : Metric(metricList, metricsCount, name, help,
+               weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1::Counter) {}
+  // Expensive. Accumulate locally and then call add instead of repeatedly
+  // calling add.
+  void add(int64_t value) {
+    assert(value >= 0);
+    static_assert(std::atomic<int64_t>::is_always_lock_free);
+    this->value.fetch_add(value, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+};
+
+inline weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *initMetrics(Metric *metricsList,
+                                                     int metricsCount) {
+  weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *metrics =
+      (weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *)safe_malloc(metricsCount *
+                                                      sizeof(metrics[0]));
+  for (auto [i, m] = std::make_tuple(metricsCount - 1, metricsList); i >= 0;
+       --i, m = m->prev) {
+    metrics[i].name = m->name;
+    metrics[i].help = m->help;
+    metrics[i].p = m;
+    metrics[i].type = m->type;
+  }
+  return metrics;
+}

README.md

@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ Hardware for all benchmarks is an AMD Ryzen 9 7900 with (2x32GB) 5600MT/s CL28-3
 
 |               ns/op |                op/s |    err% |          ins/op |          cyc/op |    IPC |         bra/op |   miss% |     total | benchmark
 |--------------------:|--------------------:|--------:|----------------:|----------------:|-------:|---------------:|--------:|----------:|:----------
-|               11.04 |       90,614,308.12 |    0.8% |          180.38 |           55.13 |  3.272 |          41.51 |    0.4% |      0.01 | `point reads`
+|               12.88 |       77,653,350.77 |    0.5% |          185.37 |           64.45 |  2.876 |          41.51 |    0.4% |      0.01 | `point reads`
-|               14.96 |       66,843,629.12 |    0.4% |          274.41 |           74.73 |  3.672 |          55.05 |    0.3% |      0.01 | `prefix reads`
+|               14.67 |       68,179,354.49 |    0.1% |          271.44 |           73.40 |  3.698 |          53.70 |    0.3% |      0.01 | `prefix reads`
-|               37.06 |       26,982,847.61 |    0.2% |          791.04 |          185.28 |  4.269 |         142.67 |    0.2% |      0.01 | `range reads`
+|               34.84 |       28,701,444.36 |    0.3% |          715.74 |          175.27 |  4.084 |         127.30 |    0.2% |      0.01 | `range reads`
-|               17.89 |       55,887,365.73 |    0.6% |          335.54 |           89.79 |  3.737 |          43.84 |    0.4% |      0.01 | `point writes`
+|               17.12 |       58,422,988.28 |    0.2% |          314.30 |           86.11 |  3.650 |          39.82 |    0.4% |      0.01 | `point writes`
-|               31.85 |       31,394,336.65 |    0.3% |          615.32 |          159.63 |  3.855 |          87.69 |    0.2% |      0.01 | `prefix writes`
+|               31.42 |       31,830,804.65 |    0.1% |          591.06 |          158.07 |  3.739 |          82.67 |    0.2% |      0.01 | `prefix writes`
-|               36.17 |       27,647,221.45 |    0.6% |          705.11 |          182.80 |  3.857 |         100.62 |    0.1% |      0.01 | `range writes`
+|               37.37 |       26,759,432.70 |    2.2% |          681.98 |          188.95 |  3.609 |          96.10 |    0.1% |      0.01 | `range writes`
-|               79.01 |       12,656,457.78 |    0.7% |        1,498.35 |          402.46 |  3.723 |         270.50 |    0.1% |      0.01 | `monotonic increasing point writes`
+|               76.72 |       13,035,140.63 |    2.3% |        1,421.28 |          387.17 |  3.671 |         257.76 |    0.1% |      0.01 | `monotonic increasing point writes`
-|          303,667.50 |            3,293.08 |    1.1% |    3,931,273.00 |    1,612,702.50 |  2.438 |     806,223.33 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `worst case for radix tree`
+|          297,452.00 |            3,361.89 |    0.9% |    3,508,083.00 |    1,500,834.67 |  2.337 |     727,525.33 |    0.1% |      0.01 | `worst case for radix tree`
-|               83.70 |       11,947,443.83 |    0.7% |        1,738.03 |          429.06 |  4.051 |         270.01 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `create and destroy`
+|               87.70 |       11,402,490.60 |    1.0% |        1,795.00 |          442.09 |  4.060 |         297.00 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `create and destroy`
 
 # "Real data" test
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Check: 4.47891 seconds, 364.05 MB/s, Add: 4.55599 seconds, 123.058 MB/s, Gc rati
 ## radix tree
 
 ```
-Check: 0.958985 seconds, 1700.28 MB/s, Add: 1.35083 seconds, 415.044 MB/s, Gc ratio: 44.4768%, Peak idle memory: 2.33588e+06
+Check: 0.953012 seconds, 1710.94 MB/s, Add: 1.30025 seconds, 431.188 MB/s, Gc ratio: 43.9816%, Peak idle memory: 2.28375e+06
 ```
 
 ## hash table

ServerBench.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <netdb.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -6,8 +7,10 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <thread>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -19,78 +22,55 @@
 
 std::atomic<int64_t> transactions;
 
-constexpr int kBaseSearchDepth = 32;
 constexpr int kWindowSize = 10000000;
 
-std::basic_string<uint8_t> numToKey(int64_t num) {
+constexpr int kNumPrefixes = 250000;
-  std::basic_string<uint8_t> result;
+
-  result.resize(kBaseSearchDepth + sizeof(int64_t));
+std::string makeKey(int64_t num, int suffixLen) {
-  memset(result.data(), 0, kBaseSearchDepth);
+  std::string result;
+  result.resize(sizeof(int64_t) + suffixLen);
   int64_t be = __builtin_bswap64(num);
-  memcpy(result.data() + kBaseSearchDepth, &be, sizeof(int64_t));
+  memcpy(result.data(), &be, sizeof(int64_t));
+  memset(result.data() + sizeof(int64_t), 0, suffixLen);
   return result;
 }
 
 void workload(weaselab::ConflictSet *cs) {
   int64_t version = kWindowSize;
-  cs->addWrites(nullptr, 0, version);
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumPrefixes; ++i) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < 50; ++j) {
+      weaselab::ConflictSet::WriteRange wr;
+      auto k = makeKey(i, j);
+      wr.begin.p = (const uint8_t *)k.data();
+      wr.begin.len = k.size();
+      wr.end.len = 0;
+      cs->addWrites(&wr, 1, version);
+    }
+  }
+  ++version;
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumPrefixes; ++i) {
+    weaselab::ConflictSet::WriteRange wr;
+    auto k = makeKey(i, 50);
+    wr.begin.p = (const uint8_t *)k.data();
+    wr.begin.len = k.size();
+    wr.end.len = 0;
+    cs->addWrites(&wr, 1, version);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<weaselab::ConflictSet::Result> results(10);
   for (;; transactions.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-    // Reads
+    std::vector<std::string> keys(10);
-    {
+    for (auto &k : keys) {
-      auto beginK = numToKey(version - kWindowSize);
+      k = makeKey(rand() % kNumPrefixes, 49);
-      auto endK = numToKey(version - 1);
-      auto pointRv = version - kWindowSize + rand() % kWindowSize + 1;
-      auto pointK = numToKey(pointRv);
-      weaselab::ConflictSet::ReadRange reads[] = {
-          {
-              {pointK.data(), int(pointK.size())},
-              {nullptr, 0},
-              pointRv,
-          },
-          {
-              {beginK.data(), int(beginK.size())},
-              {endK.data(), int(endK.size())},
-              version - 2,
-          },
-      };
-      weaselab::ConflictSet::Result result[sizeof(reads) / sizeof(reads[0])];
-      cs->check(reads, result, sizeof(reads) / sizeof(reads[0]));
-      // for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(reads) / sizeof(reads[0]); ++i) {
-      //   if (result[i] != weaselab::ConflictSet::Commit) {
-      //     fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected conflict: [%s, %s) @ %" PRId64 "\n",
-      //             printable(reads[i].begin).c_str(),
-      //             printable(reads[i].end).c_str(), reads[i].readVersion);
-      //     abort();
-      //   }
-      // }
     }
-    // Writes
+    std::vector<weaselab::ConflictSet::ReadRange> reads(10);
-    {
+    for (int i = 0; i < reads.size(); ++i) {
-      weaselab::ConflictSet::WriteRange w;
+      reads[i].begin.p = (const uint8_t *)(keys[i].data());
-      auto k = numToKey(version);
+      reads[i].begin.len = keys[i].size();
-      w.begin.p = k.data();
+      reads[i].end.len = 0;
-      w.end.len = 0;
+      reads[i].readVersion = version - 1;
-      if (version % (kWindowSize / 2) == 0) {
-        for (int l = 0; l <= k.size(); ++l) {
-          w.begin.len = l;
-          cs->addWrites(&w, 1, version);
-        }
-      } else {
-        w.begin.len = k.size();
-        cs->addWrites(&w, 1, version);
-        int64_t beginN = version - kWindowSize + rand() % kWindowSize;
-        auto b = numToKey(beginN);
-        auto e = numToKey(beginN + 1000);
-        w.begin.p = b.data();
-        w.begin.len = b.size();
-        w.end.p = e.data();
-        w.end.len = e.size();
-        cs->addWrites(&w, 1, version);
-      }
     }
-    // GC
+    cs->check(reads.data(), results.data(), 10);
-    cs->setOldestVersion(version - kWindowSize);
-    ++version;
   }
 }
 
@@ -166,18 +146,11 @@ double toSeconds(timeval t) {
   return double(t.tv_sec) + double(t.tv_usec) * 1e-6;
 }
 
-#include <linux/perf_event.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <sys/syscall.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
 #ifdef __linux__
+#include <linux/perf_event.h>
 struct PerfCounter {
-  PerfCounter(int type, int config, const std::string &labels = {})
+  PerfCounter(int type, int config, const std::string &labels = {},
+              int groupLeaderFd = -1)
       : labels(labels) {
     struct perf_event_attr pe;
 
@@ -189,7 +162,10 @@ struct PerfCounter {
     pe.exclude_kernel = 1;
     pe.exclude_hv = 1;
 
-    fd = perf_event_open(&pe, 0, -1, -1, 0);
+    fd = perf_event_open(&pe, 0, -1, groupLeaderFd, 0);
+    if (fd < 0 && errno != ENOENT && errno != EINVAL) {
+      perror(labels.c_str());
+    }
   }
 
   int64_t total() const {
@@ -217,6 +193,7 @@ struct PerfCounter {
 
   bool ok() const { return fd >= 0; }
   const std::string &getLabels() const { return labels; }
+  int getFd() const { return fd; }
 
 private:
   int fd;
@@ -229,11 +206,6 @@ private:
     return ret;
   }
 };
-#else
-struct PerfCounter {
-  PerfCounter(int, int) {}
-  int64_t total() { return 0; }
-};
 #endif
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
@@ -248,8 +220,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     int metricsCount;
     cs.getMetricsV1(&metrics, &metricsCount);
 
+#ifdef __linux__
     PerfCounter instructions{PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, PERF_COUNT_HW_INSTRUCTIONS};
-    PerfCounter cycles{PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES};
+    PerfCounter cycles{PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES, "",
+                       instructions.getFd()};
 
     std::vector<PerfCounter> cacheCounters;
     for (auto [id, idStr] : std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, std::string>>{
@@ -257,8 +231,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
              {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1I, "l1i"},
              {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL, "ll"},
              {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB, "dtlb"},
-             // Somehow was showing a miss rate > 1 /shrug
+             {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB, "itlb"},
-             //  {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB, "itlb"},
              {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_BPU, "bpu"},
              {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_NODE, "node"},
          }) {
@@ -268,6 +241,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
                {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_WRITE, "write"},
                {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_PREFETCH, "prefetch"},
            }) {
+        int groupLeaderFd = -1;
         for (auto [result, resultStr] :
              std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, std::string>>{
                  {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS, "miss"},
@@ -276,14 +250,19 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
           auto labels = "{id=\"" + idStr + "\", op=\"" + opStr +
                         "\", result=\"" + resultStr + "\"}";
           cacheCounters.emplace_back(PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
-                                     id | (op << 8) | (result << 16), labels);
+                                     id | (op << 8) | (result << 16), labels,
+                                     groupLeaderFd);
           if (!cacheCounters.back().ok()) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "Could not open cache event: %s\n", labels.c_str());
             cacheCounters.pop_back();
+          } else {
+            if (groupLeaderFd == -1) {
+              groupLeaderFd = cacheCounters.back().getFd();
+            }
           }
         }
       }
     }
+#endif
 
     auto w = std::thread{workload, &cs};
 
@@ -312,6 +291,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
               "transactions_total ";
       body += std::to_string(transactions.load(std::memory_order_relaxed));
       body += "\n";
+#ifdef __linux__
       body += "# HELP instructions_total Total number of instructions\n"
               "# TYPE instructions_total counter\n"
               "instructions_total ";
@@ -328,6 +308,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
         body += "cache_event_total" + counter.getLabels() + " " +
                 std::to_string(counter.total()) + "\n";
       }
+#endif
 
       for (int i = 0; i < metricsCount; ++i) {
         body += "# HELP ";

SkipList.cpp

@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@
 
 #include "ConflictSet.h"
 #include "Internal.h"
+#include "Metrics.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <span>
+#include <vector>
 
 std::span<const uint8_t> keyAfter(Arena &arena, std::span<const uint8_t> key) {
   auto result =
@@ -115,15 +117,6 @@ bool operator==(const KeyInfo &lhs, const KeyInfo &rhs) {
   return !(lhs < rhs || rhs < lhs);
 }
 
-void swapSort(std::vector<KeyInfo> &points, int a, int b) {
-  if (points[b] < points[a]) {
-    KeyInfo temp;
-    temp = points[a];
-    points[a] = points[b];
-    points[b] = temp;
-  }
-}
-
 struct SortTask {
   int begin;
   int size;
@@ -183,13 +176,6 @@ void sortPoints(std::vector<KeyInfo> &points) {
   }
 }
 
-static thread_local uint32_t g_seed = 0;
-
-static inline int skfastrand() {
-  g_seed = g_seed * 1664525L + 1013904223L;
-  return g_seed;
-}
-
 static int compare(const StringRef &a, const StringRef &b) {
   int c = memcmp(a.data(), b.data(), std::min(a.size(), b.size()));
   if (c < 0)
@@ -215,20 +201,24 @@ struct ReadConflictRange {
   }
 };
 
+static constexpr int MaxLevels = 26;
+
+struct RandomLevel {
+  explicit RandomLevel(uint32_t seed) : seed(seed) {}
+
+  int next() {
+    int result = __builtin_clz(seed | (uint32_t(-1) >> (MaxLevels - 1)));
+    seed = seed * 1664525L + 1013904223L;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+private:
+  uint32_t seed;
+};
+
 class SkipList {
 private:
-  static constexpr int MaxLevels = 26;
+  RandomLevel randomLevel{0};
-
-  int randomLevel() const {
-    uint32_t i = uint32_t(skfastrand()) >> (32 - (MaxLevels - 1));
-    int level = 0;
-    while (i & 1) {
-      i >>= 1;
-      level++;
-    }
-    assert(level < MaxLevels);
-    return level;
-  }
 
   // Represent a node in the SkipList. The node has multiple (i.e., level)
   // pointers to other nodes, and keeps a record of the max versions for each
@@ -426,27 +416,33 @@ public:
   }
   void swap(SkipList &other) { std::swap(header, other.header); }
 
-  void addConflictRanges(const Finger *fingers, int rangeCount,
+  // Returns the change in the number of entries
-                         Version version) {
+  int64_t addConflictRanges(const Finger *fingers, int rangeCount,
+                            Version version) {
+    int64_t result = rangeCount;
     for (int r = rangeCount - 1; r >= 0; r--) {
       const Finger &startF = fingers[r * 2];
       const Finger &endF = fingers[r * 2 + 1];
 
-      if (endF.found() == nullptr)
+      if (endF.found() == nullptr) {
+        ++result;
         insert(endF, endF.finger[0]->getMaxVersion(0));
+      }
 
-      remove(startF, endF);
+      result -= remove(startF, endF);
       insert(startF, version);
     }
+    return result;
   }
 
-  void detectConflicts(ReadConflictRange *ranges, int count,
+  // Return number of iterations of main loop
-                       ConflictSet::Result *transactionConflictStatus) const {
+  int detectConflicts(ReadConflictRange *ranges, int count,
+                      ConflictSet::Result *transactionConflictStatus) const {
     const int M = 16;
     int nextJob[M];
     CheckMax inProgress[M];
     if (!count)
-      return;
+      return 0;
 
     int started = std::min(M, count);
     for (int i = 0; i < started; i++) {
@@ -457,8 +453,9 @@ public:
 
     int prevJob = started - 1;
     int job = 0;
+    int iters = 0;
     // vtune: 340 parts
-    while (true) {
+    for (;; ++iters) {
       if (inProgress[job].advance()) {
         if (started == count) {
           if (prevJob == job)
@@ -474,6 +471,7 @@ public:
       prevJob = job;
       job = nextJob[job];
     }
+    return iters;
   }
 
   void find(const StringRef *values, Finger *results, int *temp, int count) {
@@ -567,9 +565,10 @@ public:
   }
 
 private:
-  void remove(const Finger &start, const Finger &end) {
+  // Returns the number of entries removed
+  int64_t remove(const Finger &start, const Finger &end) {
     if (start.finger[0] == end.finger[0])
-      return;
+      return 0;
 
     Node *x = start.finger[0]->getNext(0);
 
@@ -578,17 +577,20 @@ private:
       if (start.finger[i] != end.finger[i])
         start.finger[i]->setNext(i, end.finger[i]->getNext(i));
 
+    int64_t result = 0;
     while (true) {
       Node *next = x->getNext(0);
       x->destroy();
+      ++result;
       if (x == end.finger[0])
         break;
       x = next;
     }
+    return result;
   }
 
   void insert(const Finger &f, Version version) {
-    int level = randomLevel();
+    int level = randomLevel.next();
     // std::cout << std::string((const char*)value,length) << " level: " <<
     // level << std::endl;
     Node *x = Node::create(f.value, level);
@@ -704,17 +706,27 @@ private:
   };
 };
 
-struct SkipListConflictSet {};
+struct ReadContext {
+  int64_t commits_accum = 0;
+  int64_t conflicts_accum = 0;
+  int64_t too_olds_accum = 0;
+  int64_t check_bytes_accum = 0;
+};
 
 struct __attribute__((visibility("hidden"))) ConflictSet::Impl {
   Impl(int64_t oldestVersion)
       : oldestVersion(oldestVersion), newestVersion(oldestVersion),
-        skipList(oldestVersion) {}
+        skipList(oldestVersion) {
+    metrics = initMetrics(metricsList, metricsCount);
+  }
+  ~Impl() { safe_free(metrics, metricsCount * sizeof(metrics[0])); }
   void check(const ConflictSet::ReadRange *reads, ConflictSet::Result *results,
-             int count) const {
+             int count) {
+    ReadContext tls;
     Arena arena;
     auto *ranges = new (arena) ReadConflictRange[count];
     for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      tls.check_bytes_accum += reads[i].begin.len + reads[i].end.len;
       ranges[i].begin = {reads[i].begin.p, size_t(reads[i].begin.len)};
       ranges[i].end = reads[i].end.len > 0
                           ? StringRef{reads[i].end.p, size_t(reads[i].end.len)}
@@ -722,13 +734,22 @@ struct __attribute__((visibility("hidden"))) ConflictSet::Impl {
       ranges[i].version = reads[i].readVersion;
       results[i] = ConflictSet::Commit;
     }
-    skipList.detectConflicts(ranges, count, results);
+    int iters = skipList.detectConflicts(ranges, count, results);
     for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
       if (reads[i].readVersion < oldestVersion ||
           reads[i].readVersion < newestVersion - 2e9) {
         results[i] = TooOld;
       }
+      tls.commits_accum += results[i] == Commit;
+      tls.conflicts_accum += results[i] == Conflict;
+      tls.too_olds_accum += results[i] == TooOld;
     }
+    range_read_iterations_total.add(iters);
+    range_read_total.add(count);
+    commits_total.add(tls.commits_accum);
+    conflicts_total.add(tls.conflicts_accum);
+    too_olds_total.add(tls.too_olds_accum);
+    check_bytes_total.add(tls.check_bytes_accum);
   }
 
   void addWrites(const ConflictSet::WriteRange *writes, int count,
@@ -775,27 +796,33 @@ struct __attribute__((visibility("hidden"))) ConflictSet::Impl {
     StringRef values[stripeSize];
     int64_t writeVersions[stripeSize / 2];
     int ss = stringCount - (stripes - 1) * stripeSize;
+    int64_t entryDelta = 0;
     for (int s = stripes - 1; s >= 0; s--) {
       for (int i = 0; i * 2 < ss; ++i) {
         const auto &w = combinedWriteConflictRanges[s * stripeSize / 2 + i];
         values[i * 2] = w.first;
         values[i * 2 + 1] = w.second;
-        keyUpdates += 3;
       }
       skipList.find(values, fingers, temp, ss);
-      skipList.addConflictRanges(fingers, ss / 2, writeVersion);
+      entryDelta += skipList.addConflictRanges(fingers, ss / 2, writeVersion);
       ss = stripeSize;
     }
+
+    // Run gc at least 200% the rate we're inserting entries
+    keyUpdates += std::max<int64_t>(entryDelta, 0) * 2;
   }
 
   void setOldestVersion(int64_t oldestVersion) {
+    // This isn't 100% accurate. It overcounts if you hit the end
+    gc_iterations_total.add(keyUpdates);
+
     assert(oldestVersion >= this->oldestVersion);
     this->oldestVersion = oldestVersion;
     SkipList::Finger finger;
     int temp;
     std::span<const uint8_t> key = removalKey;
     skipList.find(&key, &finger, &temp, 1);
-    skipList.removeBefore(oldestVersion, finger, std::exchange(keyUpdates, 10));
+    skipList.removeBefore(oldestVersion, finger, std::exchange(keyUpdates, 0));
     removalArena = Arena();
     removalKey = copyToArena(
         removalArena, {finger.getValue().data(), finger.getValue().size()});
@@ -803,8 +830,56 @@ struct __attribute__((visibility("hidden"))) ConflictSet::Impl {
 
   int64_t totalBytes = 0;
 
+  MetricsV1 *metrics;
+  int metricsCount = 0;
+  Metric *metricsList = nullptr;
+
+#define GAUGE(name, help)                                                      \
+  Gauge name { metricsList, metricsCount, #name, help }
+#define COUNTER(name, help)                                                    \
+  Counter name { metricsList, metricsCount, #name, help }
+  // ==================== METRICS DEFINITIONS ====================
+  COUNTER(range_read_total, "Total number of range reads checked");
+  COUNTER(range_read_iterations_total,
+          "Total number of iterations of the main loops for range read checks");
+  COUNTER(commits_total,
+          "Total number of checks where the result is \"commit\"");
+  COUNTER(conflicts_total,
+          "Total number of checks where the result is \"conflict\"");
+  COUNTER(too_olds_total,
+          "Total number of checks where the result is \"too old\"");
+  COUNTER(check_bytes_total, "Total number of key bytes checked");
+  GAUGE(memory_bytes, "Total number of bytes in use");
+  COUNTER(nodes_allocated_total,
+          "The total number of physical tree nodes allocated");
+  COUNTER(nodes_released_total,
+          "The total number of physical tree nodes released");
+  COUNTER(insert_iterations_total,
+          "The total number of iterations of the main loop for insertion. "
+          "Includes searches where the entry already existed, and so insertion "
+          "did not take place");
+  COUNTER(entries_inserted_total,
+          "The total number of entries inserted in the tree");
+  COUNTER(entries_erased_total,
+          "The total number of entries erased from the tree");
+  COUNTER(
+      gc_iterations_total,
+      "The total number of iterations of the main loop for garbage collection");
+  COUNTER(write_bytes_total, "Total number of key bytes in calls to addWrites");
+  GAUGE(oldest_version,
+        "The lowest version that doesn't result in \"TooOld\" for checks");
+  GAUGE(newest_version, "The version of the most recent call to addWrites");
+  // ==================== END METRICS DEFINITIONS ====================
+#undef GAUGE
+#undef COUNTER
+
+  void getMetricsV1(MetricsV1 **metrics, int *count) {
+    *metrics = this->metrics;
+    *count = metricsCount;
+  }
+
 private:
-  int64_t keyUpdates = 10;
+  int64_t keyUpdates = 0;
   Arena removalArena;
   std::span<const uint8_t> removalKey;
   int64_t oldestVersion;
@@ -825,6 +900,7 @@ void internal_addWrites(ConflictSet::Impl *impl,
   mallocBytesDelta = 0;
   impl->addWrites(writes, count, writeVersion);
   impl->totalBytes += mallocBytesDelta;
+  impl->memory_bytes.set(impl->totalBytes);
 #if SHOW_MEMORY
   if (impl->totalBytes != mallocBytes) {
     abort();
@@ -836,6 +912,7 @@ void internal_setOldestVersion(ConflictSet::Impl *impl, int64_t oldestVersion) {
   mallocBytesDelta = 0;
   impl->setOldestVersion(oldestVersion);
   impl->totalBytes += mallocBytesDelta;
+  impl->memory_bytes.set(impl->totalBytes);
 #if SHOW_MEMORY
   if (impl->totalBytes != mallocBytes) {
     abort();
@@ -859,12 +936,11 @@ int64_t internal_getBytes(ConflictSet::Impl *impl) { return impl->totalBytes; }
 
 void internal_getMetricsV1(ConflictSet::Impl *impl,
                            ConflictSet::MetricsV1 **metrics, int *count) {
-  *metrics = nullptr;
+  return impl->getMetricsV1(metrics, count);
-  *count = 0;
 }
 
 double internal_getMetricValue(const ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *metric) {
-  return 0;
+  return ((Metric *)metric->p)->value.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
 }
 
 void ConflictSet::check(const ReadRange *reads, Result *results,