Fix histogram thread death bug

tests/test_metric.cpp

@@ -627,6 +627,113 @@ TEST_CASE("memory management") {
   }
 }
 
+TEST_CASE("histogram pending buffer thread cleanup bug") {
+  for (int iterations = 0; iterations < 1000; ++iterations) {
+    // This test demonstrates the bug where pending histogram observations
+    // are lost when a thread dies because ThreadInit destructor doesn't
+    // flush pending data into shared before accumulating into global state.
+
+    metric::reset_metrics_for_testing();
+
+    auto hist_family = metric::create_histogram(
+        "pending_bug_test", "Test histogram for pending buffer bug",
+        {1.0}); // Single bucket for simplicity
+
+    std::atomic<bool> keep_rendering{true};
+    constexpr int num_threads = 100;
+
+    std::latch ready{2};
+
+    // Background thread that calls render in a tight loop to hold global mutex
+    std::thread render_thread([&]() {
+      ready.arrive_and_wait();
+      Arena arena;
+      while (keep_rendering.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+        metric::render(arena);
+        arena.reset();
+      }
+    });
+    // Don't spawn threads until render thread is running
+    ready.arrive_and_wait();
+
+    // Spawn threads that observe once and exit
+    std::vector<std::thread> observer_threads;
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) {
+      observer_threads.emplace_back([&hist_family]() {
+        auto hist = hist_family.create({{"test", "observer"}});
+        hist.observe(0.5); // Goes into first bucket (le="1.0")
+        // Thread dies here - pending observations should be lost due to bug
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Join all observer threads
+    for (auto &t : observer_threads) {
+      t.join();
+    }
+
+    // Stop render thread
+    keep_rendering.store(false, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    render_thread.join();
+
+    // Check if the worker's observations were preserved
+    Arena arena;
+    auto output = metric::render(arena);
+
+    // First, let's debug what we actually got
+    std::ostringstream debug_output;
+    for (const auto &line : output) {
+      debug_output << line;
+    }
+    std::string full_output = debug_output.str();
+
+    // Parse the output to find the worker's bucket count for le="2.0"
+    uint64_t worker_bucket_2_count = 0;
+    bool found_worker_metric = false;
+
+    // The render output alternates between metric name and value in separate
+    // string_views
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < output.size(); ++i) {
+      const auto &line = output[i];
+      // Look for: pending_bug_test_bucket{test="observer",le="1.0"}
+      if (line.find("pending_bug_test_bucket{test=\"observer\",le=\"1.0\"}") !=
+          std::string_view::npos) {
+        found_worker_metric = true;
+        // The value should be in the next element
+        if (i + 1 < output.size()) {
+          auto value_str = output[i + 1];
+          // Remove trailing newline if present
+          while (!value_str.empty() &&
+                 (value_str.back() == '\n' || value_str.back() == '\r')) {
+            value_str.remove_suffix(1);
+          }
+          try {
+            worker_bucket_2_count = std::stoull(std::string(value_str));
+          } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+            MESSAGE("Failed to parse value: '"
+                    << value_str << "' from metric line: '" << line << "'");
+            MESSAGE("Full output:\n" << full_output);
+            throw;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    REQUIRE(found_worker_metric); // The metric should exist
+
+    // BUG: This will fail because pending observations are lost on thread death
+    // Expected: num_threads observations (each thread made 1 observation)
+    // Actual: less than num_threads (observations stuck in pending are lost
+    // when threads die)
+    CHECK_MESSAGE(
+        worker_bucket_2_count == num_threads,
+        "Expected "
+            << num_threads << " observations but got " << worker_bucket_2_count
+            << ". This indicates the pending buffer bug where observations "
+            << "stuck in pending are lost when thread dies.");
+  }
+}
+
 TEST_CASE("render output deterministic order golden test") {
   // Clean slate - reset all metrics before this test
   metric::reset_metrics_for_testing();