Add test that exercises "too large removal buffer" code

This works around a weird error I was getting when trying to link a
translation unit that included Internal.h with libconflict-set-static.a
with clang + gnu objcopy

Bench.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 void showMemory(const ConflictSet &cs);
 #endif
 
-#define ANKERL_NANOBENCH_IMPLEMENT
 #include "third_party/nanobench.h"
 
 constexpr int kNumKeys = 1000000;
@@ -18,26 +17,26 @@ constexpr int kPrefixLen = 0;
 
 constexpr int kMvccWindow = 100000;
 
-std::span<const uint8_t> makeKey(Arena &arena, int index) {
+TrivialSpan makeKey(Arena &arena, int index) {
 
-  auto result =
-      std::span<uint8_t>{new (arena) uint8_t[4 + kPrefixLen], 4 + kPrefixLen};
+  uint8_t *buf = new (arena) uint8_t[4 + kPrefixLen];
+  auto result = TrivialSpan{buf, 4 + kPrefixLen};
   index = __builtin_bswap32(index);
-  memset(result.data(), 0, kPrefixLen);
-  memcpy(result.data() + kPrefixLen, &index, 4);
+  memset(buf, 0, kPrefixLen);
+  memcpy(buf, &index, 4);
 
   return result;
 }
 
-ConflictSet::ReadRange singleton(Arena &arena, std::span<const uint8_t> key) {
-  auto r =
-      std::span<uint8_t>(new (arena) uint8_t[key.size() + 1], key.size() + 1);
-  memcpy(r.data(), key.data(), key.size());
-  r[key.size()] = 0;
+ConflictSet::ReadRange singleton(Arena &arena, TrivialSpan key) {
+  uint8_t *buf = new (arena) uint8_t[key.size() + 1];
+  auto r = TrivialSpan(buf, key.size() + 1);
+  memcpy(buf, key.data(), key.size());
+  buf[key.size()] = 0;
   return {{key.data(), int(key.size())}, {r.data(), int(r.size())}, 0};
 }
 
-ConflictSet::ReadRange prefixRange(Arena &arena, std::span<const uint8_t> key) {
+ConflictSet::ReadRange prefixRange(Arena &arena, TrivialSpan key) {
   int index;
   for (index = key.size() - 1; index >= 0; index--)
     if ((key[index]) != 255)
@@ -49,9 +48,10 @@ ConflictSet::ReadRange prefixRange(Arena &arena, std::span<const uint8_t> key) {
     assert(false);
   }
 
-  auto r = std::span<uint8_t>(new (arena) uint8_t[index + 1], index + 1);
-  memcpy(r.data(), key.data(), index + 1);
-  r[r.size() - 1]++;
+  uint8_t *buf = new (arena) uint8_t[index + 1];
+  auto r = TrivialSpan(buf, index + 1);
+  memcpy(buf, key.data(), index + 1);
+  buf[r.size() - 1]++;
   return {{key.data(), int(key.size())}, {r.data(), int(r.size())}, 0};
 }
 
@@ -82,14 +82,7 @@ void benchConflictSet() {
     ++version;
   }
 
-  // I don't know why std::less didn't work /shrug
-  struct Less {
-    bool operator()(const std::span<const uint8_t> &lhs,
-                    const std::span<const uint8_t> &rhs) const {
-      return lhs < rhs;
-    }
-  };
-  auto points = set<std::span<const uint8_t>, Less>(arena);
+  auto points = set<TrivialSpan, std::less<>>(arena);
 
   while (points.size() < kOpsPerTx * 2 + 1) {
     // TODO don't use rand?
@@ -258,4 +251,120 @@ void benchConflictSet() {
   }
 }
 
-int main(void) { benchConflictSet(); }
+constexpr int kKeyLenForWorstCase = 50;
+
+ConflictSet worstCaseConflictSetForRadixRangeRead(int cardinality) {
+  ConflictSet cs{0};
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < kKeyLenForWorstCase; ++i) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < cardinality; ++j) {
+      auto b = std::vector<uint8_t>(i, 0);
+      b.push_back(j);
+      auto e = std::vector<uint8_t>(i, 255);
+      e.push_back(255 - j);
+      weaselab::ConflictSet::WriteRange w[] = {{
+                                                   {b.data(), int(b.size())},
+                                                   {nullptr, 0},
+                                               },
+                                               {
+                                                   {e.data(), int(e.size())},
+                                                   {nullptr, 0},
+                                               }};
+      std::sort(std::begin(w), std::end(w),
+                [](const auto &lhs, const auto &rhs) {
+                  int cl = std::min(lhs.begin.len, rhs.begin.len);
+                  if (cl > 0) {
+                    int c = memcmp(lhs.begin.p, rhs.begin.p, cl);
+                    if (c != 0) {
+                      return c < 0;
+                    }
+                  }
+                  return lhs.begin.len < rhs.begin.len;
+                });
+      cs.addWrites(w, sizeof(w) / sizeof(w[0]), 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Defeat short-circuiting on the left
+  {
+    auto k = std::vector<uint8_t>(kKeyLenForWorstCase, 0);
+    weaselab::ConflictSet::WriteRange w[] = {
+        {
+            {k.data(), int(k.size())},
+            {nullptr, 0},
+        },
+    };
+    cs.addWrites(w, sizeof(w) / sizeof(w[0]), 1);
+  }
+
+  // Defeat short-circuiting on the right
+  {
+    auto k = std::vector<uint8_t>(kKeyLenForWorstCase, 255);
+    weaselab::ConflictSet::WriteRange w[] = {
+        {
+            {k.data(), int(k.size())},
+            {nullptr, 0},
+        },
+    };
+    cs.addWrites(w, sizeof(w) / sizeof(w[0]), 1);
+  }
+
+  return cs;
+}
+
+void benchWorstCaseForRadixRangeRead() {
+  ankerl::nanobench::Bench bench;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<ConflictSet> cs[256];
+  for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+    cs[i] =
+        std::make_unique<ConflictSet>(worstCaseConflictSetForRadixRangeRead(i));
+  }
+
+  auto begin = std::vector<uint8_t>(kKeyLenForWorstCase - 1, 0);
+  begin.push_back(1);
+  auto end = std::vector<uint8_t>(kKeyLenForWorstCase - 1, 255);
+  end.push_back(254);
+
+  weaselab::ConflictSet::ReadRange r[] = {
+      {{begin.data(), int(begin.size())}, {end.data(), int(end.size())}, 0},
+  };
+  weaselab::ConflictSet::Result results[sizeof(r) / sizeof(r[0])];
+  for (auto &result : results) {
+    result = weaselab::ConflictSet::TooOld;
+  }
+  bench.batch(sizeof(r) / sizeof(r[0]));
+
+  bench.run("worst case for radix tree", [&]() {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+      cs[i]->check(r, results, sizeof(r) / sizeof(r[0]));
+      for (auto result : results) {
+        if (result != weaselab::ConflictSet::Commit) {
+          abort();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  // for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+  //   bench.run("worst case for radix tree, span " + std::to_string(i), [&]() {
+  //     result = weaselab::ConflictSet::TooOld;
+  //     cs[i]->check(&r, &result, 1);
+  //     if (result != weaselab::ConflictSet::Commit) {
+  //       abort();
+  //     }
+  //   });
+  // }
+}
+
+void benchCreateAndDestroy() {
+  ankerl::nanobench::Bench bench;
+
+  bench.run("create and destroy", [&]() { ConflictSet cs{0}; });
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+  benchConflictSet();
+  benchWorstCaseForRadixRangeRead();
+  benchCreateAndDestroy();
+}

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18)
 project(
   conflict-set
-  VERSION 0.0.3
+  VERSION 0.0.14
   DESCRIPTION
     "A data structure for optimistic concurrency control on ranges of bitwise-lexicographically-ordered keys."
   HOMEPAGE_URL "https://git.weaselab.dev/weaselab/conflict-set"
   LANGUAGES C CXX)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
 
-file(WRITE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/version.txt ${PROJECT_VERSION})
+file(WRITE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/version.txt ${PROJECT_VERSION})
+configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/version.txt.in
+               ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/paper/version.txt)
 
 include(CMakePushCheckState)
 include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
@@ -17,12 +19,6 @@ include(CheckCXXSourceCompiles)
 
 set(DEFAULT_BUILD_TYPE "Release")
 
-if(EMSCRIPTEN OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL WASI)
-  set(WASM ON)
-else()
-  set(WASM OFF)
-endif()
-
 if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
   message(
     STATUS
@@ -35,8 +31,34 @@ if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
                                                "MinSizeRel" "RelWithDebInfo")
 endif()
 
-add_compile_options(-fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -Wswitch-enum
-                    -Werror=switch-enum -fPIC)
+add_compile_options(
+  -Werror=switch-enum
+  -Wswitch-enum
+  -Wunused-variable
+  -fPIC
+  -fdata-sections
+  -ffunction-sections
+  -fno-jump-tables # https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/54247
+)
+
+if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
+  add_link_options("-Wno-unused-command-line-argument")
+  find_program(LLVM_OBJCOPY llvm-objcopy)
+  if(LLVM_OBJCOPY)
+    set(CMAKE_OBJCOPY
+        ${LLVM_OBJCOPY}
+        CACHE FILEPATH "path to objcopy binary" FORCE)
+  endif()
+endif()
+
+if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU")
+  add_compile_options("-Wno-maybe-uninitialized")
+endif()
+
+if(NOT APPLE)
+  # This causes some versions of clang to crash on macos
+  add_compile_options(-g -fno-omit-frame-pointer)
+endif()
 
 set(full_relro_flags "-pie;LINKER:-z,relro,-z,now,-z,noexecstack")
 cmake_push_check_state()
@@ -47,7 +69,23 @@ if(HAS_FULL_RELRO)
 endif()
 cmake_pop_check_state()
 
-set(version_script_flags LINKER:--version-script=${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/linker.map)
+if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL aarch64)
+  add_compile_options(-mbranch-protection=standard)
+else()
+  add_compile_options(-fcf-protection)
+  set(rewrite_endbr_flags "-fuse-ld=mold;LINKER:-z,rewrite-endbr")
+  cmake_push_check_state()
+  list(APPEND CMAKE_REQUIRED_LINK_OPTIONS ${rewrite_endbr_flags})
+  check_cxx_source_compiles("int main(){}" HAS_REWRITE_ENDBR FAIL_REGEX
+                            "warning:")
+  if(HAS_REWRITE_ENDBR)
+    add_link_options(${rewrite_endbr_flags})
+  endif()
+  cmake_pop_check_state()
+endif()
+
+set(version_script_flags
+    LINKER:--version-script=${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/linker.map)
 cmake_push_check_state()
 list(APPEND CMAKE_REQUIRED_LINK_OPTIONS ${version_script_flags})
 check_cxx_source_compiles("int main(){}" HAS_VERSION_SCRIPT FAIL_REGEX
@@ -57,9 +95,11 @@ cmake_pop_check_state()
 option(USE_SIMD_FALLBACK
        "Use fallback implementations of functions that use SIMD" OFF)
 
+option(DISABLE_TSAN "Disable TSAN" OFF)
+
 # This is encouraged according to
 # https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core-adv.html#manual-core-adv.clientreq
-include_directories(SYSTEM ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/valgrind)
+include_directories(SYSTEM ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/valgrind)
 
 add_compile_options($<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CXX>:-Wno-invalid-offsetof>)
 
@@ -69,34 +109,11 @@ else()
   add_link_options(-Wl,--gc-sections)
 endif()
 
-if(EMSCRIPTEN)
-  # https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/issues/15377#issuecomment-1285167486
-  add_link_options(-lnodefs.js -lnoderawfs.js)
-  add_link_options(-s ALLOW_MEMORY_GROWTH)
-endif()
-
-if(NOT USE_SIMD_FALLBACK)
-  cmake_push_check_state()
-  list(APPEND CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS -msimd128)
-  check_include_file_cxx("wasm_simd128.h" HAS_WASM_SIMD)
-  if(HAS_WASM_SIMD)
-    add_compile_options(-msimd128)
-    add_compile_definitions(HAS_WASM_SIMD)
-  endif()
-  cmake_pop_check_state()
-
-  cmake_push_check_state()
-  list(APPEND CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS -mavx)
-  check_include_file_cxx("immintrin.h" HAS_AVX)
-  if(HAS_AVX)
+if(USE_SIMD_FALLBACK)
+  add_compile_definitions(USE_SIMD_FALLBACK)
+else()
+  if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL x86_64)
     add_compile_options(-mavx)
-    add_compile_definitions(HAS_AVX)
-  endif()
-  cmake_pop_check_state()
-
-  check_include_file_cxx("arm_neon.h" HAS_ARM_NEON)
-  if(HAS_ARM_NEON)
-    add_compile_definitions(HAS_ARM_NEON)
   endif()
 endif()
 
@@ -106,88 +123,96 @@ add_library(${PROJECT_NAME}-object OBJECT ConflictSet.cpp)
 target_compile_options(${PROJECT_NAME}-object PRIVATE -fno-exceptions
                                                       -fvisibility=hidden)
 target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME}-object
-                           PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+                           PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+if(NOT LD_EXE)
+  set(LD_EXE ld)
+endif()
+add_custom_command(
+  OUTPUT ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}.o
+  COMMAND ${LD_EXE} -r $<TARGET_OBJECTS:${PROJECT_NAME}-object> -o
+          ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}.o
+  DEPENDS $<TARGET_OBJECTS:${PROJECT_NAME}-object>
+  COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS)
 
-add_library(${PROJECT_NAME} SHARED $<TARGET_OBJECTS:${PROJECT_NAME}-object>)
+add_library(${PROJECT_NAME} SHARED ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}.o)
 set_target_properties(
   ${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY
-                             "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/radix_tree")
-if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL Debug)
+                             "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/radix_tree")
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL Debug)
+  set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES LINKER_LANGUAGE CXX)
+else()
   set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES LINKER_LANGUAGE C)
 endif()
 
 if(HAS_VERSION_SCRIPT)
-  target_link_options(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
-                      LINKER:--version-script=${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/linker.map)
+  target_link_options(
+    ${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
+    LINKER:--version-script=${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/linker.map)
 endif()
 
-add_library(${PROJECT_NAME}-static STATIC
-            $<TARGET_OBJECTS:${PROJECT_NAME}-object>)
-if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL Debug)
+add_library(${PROJECT_NAME}-static STATIC ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}.o)
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL Debug)
+  set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME}-static PROPERTIES LINKER_LANGUAGE CXX)
+else()
   set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME}-static PROPERTIES LINKER_LANGUAGE C)
 endif()
-
-if(APPLE)
-  add_custom_command(
-    TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME}-static
-    PRE_LINK
-    COMMAND ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/privatize_symbols_macos.sh
-            $<TARGET_OBJECTS:${PROJECT_NAME}-object>)
-else()
+if(NOT APPLE)
   add_custom_command(
     TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME}-static
     POST_BUILD
     COMMAND
       ${CMAKE_OBJCOPY}
-      --keep-global-symbols=${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/symbol-exports.txt
+      --keep-global-symbols=${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/symbol-exports.txt
       $<TARGET_FILE:${PROJECT_NAME}-static> || echo
       "Proceeding with all symbols global in static library")
 endif()
 
-set(TEST_FLAGS -Wall -Wextra -Wunreachable-code -Wpedantic -UNDEBUG)
-
 include(CTest)
 
-if(BUILD_TESTING)
+# disable tests if this is being used through e.g. FetchContent
+if(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR AND BUILD_TESTING)
+
+  add_library(nanobench ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/nanobench.cpp)
+
+  set(TEST_FLAGS -Wall -Wextra -Wunreachable-code -Wpedantic -UNDEBUG)
 
   # corpus tests, which are tests curated by libfuzzer. The goal is to get broad
   # coverage with a small number of tests.
 
-  file(GLOB CORPUS_TESTS ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/corpus/*)
+  file(GLOB CORPUS_TESTS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/corpus/*)
 
-  # extra testing that relies on shared libraries, which aren't available with
-  # wasm
-  if(NOT WASM)
-    # Shared library version of FoundationDB's skip list implementation
-    add_library(skip_list SHARED SkipList.cpp)
-    target_compile_options(skip_list PRIVATE -fno-exceptions
-                                             -fvisibility=hidden)
-    target_include_directories(skip_list PUBLIC ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
-    set_target_properties(skip_list PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY
-                                               "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/skip_list")
-    set_target_properties(skip_list PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME ${PROJECT_NAME})
-    set_target_properties(
-      skip_list PROPERTIES VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION} SOVERSION
-                                                      ${PROJECT_VERSION_MAJOR})
+  # Shared library version of FoundationDB's skip list implementation
+  add_library(skip_list SHARED SkipList.cpp)
+  target_compile_options(skip_list PRIVATE -fno-exceptions -fvisibility=hidden)
+  target_include_directories(skip_list
+                             PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+  set_target_properties(
+    skip_list PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY
+                         "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/skip_list")
+  set_target_properties(skip_list PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME ${PROJECT_NAME})
+  set_target_properties(skip_list PROPERTIES VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION}
+                                             SOVERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION_MAJOR})
 
-    # Shared library version of a std::unordered_map-based conflict set (point
-    # queries only)
-    add_library(hash_table SHARED HashTable.cpp)
-    target_compile_options(hash_table PRIVATE -fno-exceptions
-                                              -fvisibility=hidden)
-    target_include_directories(hash_table PUBLIC ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
-    set_target_properties(
-      hash_table PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY
-                            "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/hash_table")
-    set_target_properties(hash_table PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME ${PROJECT_NAME})
-    set_target_properties(
-      hash_table PROPERTIES VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION} SOVERSION
-                                                       ${PROJECT_VERSION_MAJOR})
+  # Shared library version of a std::unordered_map-based conflict set (point
+  # queries only)
+  add_library(hash_table SHARED HashTable.cpp)
+  target_compile_options(hash_table PRIVATE -fno-exceptions -fvisibility=hidden)
+  target_include_directories(hash_table
+                             PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+  set_target_properties(
+    hash_table PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY
+                          "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/hash_table")
+  set_target_properties(hash_table PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME ${PROJECT_NAME})
+  set_target_properties(
+    hash_table PROPERTIES VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION} SOVERSION
+                                                     ${PROJECT_VERSION_MAJOR})
 
-    add_executable(driver_skip_list TestDriver.cpp)
-    target_compile_options(driver_skip_list PRIVATE ${TEST_FLAGS})
-    target_link_libraries(driver_skip_list PRIVATE skip_list)
+  add_executable(driver_skip_list TestDriver.cpp)
+  target_compile_options(driver_skip_list PRIVATE ${TEST_FLAGS})
+  target_link_libraries(driver_skip_list PRIVATE skip_list)
 
+  # enable to test skip list
+  if(0)
     foreach(TEST ${CORPUS_TESTS})
       get_filename_component(hash ${TEST} NAME)
       add_test(NAME skip_list_${hash} COMMAND driver_skip_list ${TEST})
@@ -199,6 +224,7 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
   target_include_directories(conflict_set_main
                              PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
   target_compile_definitions(conflict_set_main PRIVATE ENABLE_MAIN)
+  target_link_libraries(conflict_set_main PRIVATE nanobench)
 
   if(NOT APPLE)
     # libfuzzer target, to generate/manage corpus
@@ -237,7 +263,7 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
   endforeach()
 
   # tsan tests
-  if(NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING AND NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL Debug)
+  if(NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING AND NOT DISABLE_TSAN)
     add_executable(tsan_driver ConflictSet.cpp FuzzTestDriver.cpp)
     target_compile_options(tsan_driver PRIVATE ${TEST_FLAGS} -fsanitize=thread)
     target_link_options(tsan_driver PRIVATE -fsanitize=thread)
@@ -259,22 +285,48 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
     add_test(NAME conflict_set_blackbox_${hash} COMMAND driver ${TEST})
   endforeach()
 
-  # scripted tests. Written manually to fill in anything libfuzzer couldn't
-  # find.
-  add_executable(script_test ScriptTest.cpp)
-  target_compile_options(script_test PRIVATE ${TEST_FLAGS})
-  target_link_libraries(script_test PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME})
-  file(GLOB SCRIPT_TESTS ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/script_tests/*)
-  foreach(TEST ${SCRIPT_TESTS})
-    get_filename_component(name ${TEST} NAME)
-    add_test(NAME conflict_set_script_${name} COMMAND script_test ${TEST})
-  endforeach()
-
   find_program(VALGRIND_EXE valgrind)
   if(VALGRIND_EXE AND NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
-    add_test(NAME conflict_set_blackbox_valgrind
-             COMMAND ${VALGRIND_EXE} --error-exitcode=99 --
-                     $<TARGET_FILE:driver> ${CORPUS_TESTS})
+    list(LENGTH CORPUS_TESTS len)
+    math(EXPR last "${len} - 1")
+    set(partition_size 100)
+    foreach(i RANGE 0 ${last} ${partition_size})
+      list(SUBLIST CORPUS_TESTS ${i} ${partition_size} partition)
+      add_test(NAME conflict_set_blackbox_valgrind_${i}
+               COMMAND ${VALGRIND_EXE} --error-exitcode=99 --
+                       $<TARGET_FILE:driver> ${partition})
+    endforeach()
+  endif()
+
+  # scripted tests. Written manually to fill in anything libfuzzer couldn't
+  # find.
+  if(NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
+    find_package(Python3 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Interpreter)
+    set_property(
+      DIRECTORY
+      APPEND
+      PROPERTY CMAKE_CONFIGURE_DEPENDS
+               ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_conflict_set.py)
+    execute_process(
+      COMMAND ${Python3_EXECUTABLE}
+              ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_conflict_set.py list
+      OUTPUT_VARIABLE SCRIPT_TESTS)
+    foreach(TEST ${SCRIPT_TESTS})
+      add_test(
+        NAME script_test_${TEST}
+        COMMAND
+          ${Python3_EXECUTABLE}
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_conflict_set.py test ${TEST}
+          --build-dir ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
+      if(VALGRIND_EXE AND NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
+        add_test(
+          NAME script_test_${TEST}_valgrind
+          COMMAND
+            ${VALGRIND_EXE} ${Python3_EXECUTABLE}
+            ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_conflict_set.py test ${TEST}
+            --build-dir ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
+      endif()
+    endforeach()
   endif()
 
   # api smoke tests
@@ -298,38 +350,66 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
   add_test(NAME conflict_set_cxx_api_test COMMAND conflict_set_cxx_api_test)
 
   # symbol visibility tests
-  if(NOT WASM AND NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL Debug)
+  if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL Debug)
     if(APPLE)
-      set(symbol_exports ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/apple-symbol-exports.txt)
-      set(symbol_imports ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/apple-symbol-imports.txt)
+      set(symbol_exports ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/apple-symbol-exports.txt)
+      set(symbol_imports ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/apple-symbol-imports.txt)
     else()
-      set(symbol_exports ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/symbol-exports.txt)
+      set(symbol_exports ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/symbol-exports.txt)
       if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL aarch64)
-        set(symbol_imports ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/aarch64-symbol-imports.txt)
+        set(symbol_imports
+            ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/aarch64-symbol-imports.txt)
       else()
-        set(symbol_imports ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/symbol-imports.txt)
+        set(symbol_imports ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/symbol-imports.txt)
       endif()
     endif()
     add_test(
       NAME conflict_set_shared_symbols
       COMMAND
-        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test_symbols.sh $<TARGET_FILE:${PROJECT_NAME}>
-        ${symbol_exports} ${symbol_imports})
+        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_symbols.sh
+        $<TARGET_FILE:${PROJECT_NAME}> ${symbol_exports} ${symbol_imports})
     add_test(
       NAME conflict_set_static_symbols
       COMMAND
-        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test_symbols.sh
+        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_symbols.sh
         $<TARGET_FILE:${PROJECT_NAME}-static> ${symbol_exports}
         ${symbol_imports})
   endif()
 
+  if(NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
+    find_program(HARDENING_CHECK hardening-check)
+    if(HARDENING_CHECK)
+      add_test(NAME hardening_check
+               COMMAND ${HARDENING_CHECK} $<TARGET_FILE:${PROJECT_NAME}>
+                       --nofortify --nostackprotector)
+    endif()
+  endif()
+
   # bench
   add_executable(conflict_set_bench Bench.cpp)
-  target_link_libraries(conflict_set_bench PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME})
+  target_link_libraries(conflict_set_bench PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME} nanobench)
   set_target_properties(conflict_set_bench PROPERTIES SKIP_BUILD_RPATH ON)
   add_executable(real_data_bench RealDataBench.cpp)
   target_link_libraries(real_data_bench PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME})
   set_target_properties(real_data_bench PROPERTIES SKIP_BUILD_RPATH ON)
+
+  # fuzzer-based perf
+  add_executable(driver_perf TestDriver.cpp)
+  target_compile_definitions(driver_perf PRIVATE PERF_TEST=1)
+  target_link_libraries(driver_perf PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME})
+
+  # server bench
+  add_executable(server_bench ServerBench.cpp)
+  target_link_libraries(server_bench PRIVATE ${PROJECT_NAME})
+  set_target_properties(server_bench PROPERTIES SKIP_BUILD_RPATH ON)
+
+  add_executable(interleaving_test InterleavingTest.cpp)
+  # work around lack of musttail for gcc
+  if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU" AND CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+    target_compile_options(interleaving_test PRIVATE -Og
+                                                     -foptimize-sibling-calls)
+  endif()
+  target_link_libraries(interleaving_test PRIVATE nanobench)
 endif()
 
 # packaging
@@ -357,16 +437,17 @@ else()
 endif()
 
 # macos
+set(CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET 11.0)
 if(APPLE)
   find_program(PANDOC_EXE pandoc)
   if(PANDOC_EXE)
-    execute_process(COMMAND ${PANDOC_EXE} ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/README.md -o
-                            ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/README.txt)
-    set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_README ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/README.txt)
+    execute_process(COMMAND ${PANDOC_EXE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/README.md
+                            -o ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/README.txt)
+    set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_README ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/README.txt)
   endif()
-  configure_file(${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/LICENSE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/LICENSE.txt
-                 COPYONLY)
-  set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_LICENSE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/LICENSE.txt)
+  configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/LICENSE
+                 ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/LICENSE.txt COPYONLY)
+  set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_LICENSE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/LICENSE.txt)
 endif()
 
 include(CPack)

Dockerfile

@@ -8,25 +8,27 @@ RUN chmod -R 777 /tmp
 RUN apt-get update
 RUN apt-get upgrade -y
 RUN TZ=America/Los_Angeles DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y \
+    binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu \
     build-essential \
     ccache \
-    clang \
     cmake \
     curl \
-    doxygen \
-    file \
+    devscripts \
     g++-aarch64-linux-gnu \
     gcovr \
     git \
-    gperf \
-    graphviz \
+    gnupg \
     libc6-dbg \
+    lsb-release \
+    mold \
     ninja-build \
     pre-commit \
     python3-requests \
     qemu-user \
     rpm \
+    software-properties-common \
     texlive-full \
+    wget \
     zstd
 
 # Install recent valgrind from source
@@ -42,6 +44,11 @@ RUN curl -Ls https://sourceware.org/pub/valgrind/valgrind-3.22.0.tar.bz2 -o valg
     cd .. && \
     rm -rf /tmp/*
 
+# Recent clang
+RUN wget https://apt.llvm.org/llvm.sh && chmod +x ./llvm.sh && ./llvm.sh 20
+
+RUN apt-get -y install clang llvm
+
 # Set after building valgrind, which doesn't build with clang for some reason
 ENV CC=clang
 ENV CXX=clang++

HashTable.cpp

@@ -98,6 +98,13 @@ void ConflictSet::setOldestVersion(int64_t oldestVersion) {
 
 int64_t ConflictSet::getBytes() const { return -1; }
 
+void ConflictSet::getMetricsV1(MetricsV1 **metrics, int *count) const {
+  *metrics = nullptr;
+  *count = 0;
+}
+
+double ConflictSet::MetricsV1::getValue() const { return 0; }
+
 ConflictSet::ConflictSet(int64_t oldestVersion)
     : impl(new(safe_malloc(sizeof(Impl))) Impl{oldestVersion}) {}
 

InterleavingTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+#include <alloca.h>
+#include <cassert>
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "third_party/nanobench.h"
+
+struct Job {
+  int *input;
+  // Returned void* is a function pointer to the next continuation. We have to
+  // use void* because otherwise the type would be recursive.
+  typedef void *(*continuation)(Job *);
+  continuation next;
+};
+
+void *stepJob(Job *j) {
+  auto done = --(*j->input) == 0;
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+  _mm_clflush(j->input);
+#endif
+  return done ? nullptr : (void *)stepJob;
+}
+
+void sequential(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    do {
+      jobs[i]->next = (Job::continuation)jobs[i]->next(jobs[i]);
+    } while (jobs[i]->next);
+  }
+}
+
+void sequentialNoFuncPtr(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    while (stepJob(jobs[i]))
+      ;
+  }
+}
+
+void interleaveSwapping(Job **jobs, int remaining) {
+  int current = 0;
+  while (remaining > 0) {
+    auto next = (Job::continuation)jobs[current]->next(jobs[current]);
+    jobs[current]->next = next;
+    if (next == nullptr) {
+      jobs[current] = jobs[remaining - 1];
+      --remaining;
+    } else {
+      ++current;
+    }
+    if (current == remaining) {
+      current = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void interleaveBoundedCyclicList(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  if (count == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  constexpr int kConcurrent = 32;
+  Job *inProgress[kConcurrent];
+  int nextJob[kConcurrent];
+
+  int started = std::min(kConcurrent, count);
+  for (int i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+    inProgress[i] = jobs[i];
+    nextJob[i] = i + 1;
+  }
+  nextJob[started - 1] = 0;
+
+  int prevJob = started - 1;
+  int job = 0;
+  for (;;) {
+    auto next = (Job::continuation)inProgress[job]->next(inProgress[job]);
+    inProgress[job]->next = next;
+    if (next == nullptr) {
+      if (started == count) {
+        if (prevJob == job)
+          break;
+        nextJob[prevJob] = nextJob[job];
+        job = prevJob;
+      } else {
+        int temp = started++;
+        inProgress[job] = jobs[temp];
+      }
+    }
+    prevJob = job;
+    job = nextJob[job];
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef __has_attribute
+#define __has_attribute(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if __has_attribute(musttail)
+#define MUSTTAIL __attribute__((musttail))
+#else
+#define MUSTTAIL
+#endif
+
+struct Context {
+  constexpr static int kConcurrent = 32;
+  Job **jobs;
+  Job *inProgress[kConcurrent];
+  void (*continuation[kConcurrent])(Context *, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job,
+                                    int64_t started, int64_t count);
+  int nextJob[kConcurrent];
+};
+
+void keepGoing(Context *context, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job, int64_t started,
+               int64_t count) {
+  prevJob = job;
+  job = context->nextJob[job];
+  MUSTTAIL return context->continuation[job](context, prevJob, job, started,
+                                             count);
+}
+
+void stepJobTailCall(Context *context, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job,
+                     int64_t started, int64_t count);
+
+void complete(Context *context, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job, int64_t started,
+              int64_t count) {
+  if (started == count) {
+    if (prevJob == job) {
+      return;
+    }
+    context->nextJob[prevJob] = context->nextJob[job];
+    job = prevJob;
+  } else {
+    context->inProgress[job] = context->jobs[started++];
+    context->continuation[job] = stepJobTailCall;
+  }
+  prevJob = job;
+  job = context->nextJob[job];
+  MUSTTAIL return context->continuation[job](context, prevJob, job, started,
+                                             count);
+}
+
+void stepJobTailCall(Context *context, int64_t prevJob, int64_t job,
+                     int64_t started, int64_t count) {
+  auto *j = context->inProgress[job];
+  auto done = --(*j->input) == 0;
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+  _mm_clflush(j->input);
+#endif
+  if (done) {
+    MUSTTAIL return complete(context, prevJob, job, started, count);
+  } else {
+    context->continuation[job] = stepJobTailCall;
+    MUSTTAIL return keepGoing(context, prevJob, job, started, count);
+  }
+}
+
+void useTailCalls(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  if (count == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  Context context;
+  context.jobs = jobs;
+  int64_t started = std::min(Context::kConcurrent, count);
+  for (int i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+    context.inProgress[i] = jobs[i];
+    context.nextJob[i] = i + 1;
+    context.continuation[i] = stepJobTailCall;
+  }
+  context.nextJob[started - 1] = 0;
+  int prevJob = started - 1;
+  int job = 0;
+  return context.continuation[job](&context, prevJob, job, started, count);
+}
+
+void interleaveCyclicList(Job **jobs, int count) {
+  auto *nextJob = (int *)alloca(sizeof(int) * count);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; ++i) {
+    nextJob[i] = i + 1;
+  }
+  nextJob[count - 1] = 0;
+
+  int prevJob = count - 1;
+  int job = 0;
+  for (;;) {
+    auto next = (Job::continuation)jobs[job]->next(jobs[job]);
+    jobs[job]->next = next;
+    if (next == nullptr) {
+      if (prevJob == job)
+        break;
+      nextJob[prevJob] = nextJob[job];
+      job = prevJob;
+    }
+    prevJob = job;
+    job = nextJob[job];
+  }
+}
+
+int main() {
+  ankerl::nanobench::Bench bench;
+
+  constexpr int kNumJobs = 10000;
+  bench.relative(true);
+
+  Job jobs[kNumJobs];
+  Job jobsCopy[kNumJobs];
+  int iters = 0;
+  int originalInput[kNumJobs];
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+    originalInput[i] = rand() % 5 + 3;
+    jobs[i].input = new int{originalInput[i]};
+    jobs[i].next = stepJob;
+    iters += *jobs[i].input;
+  }
+  bench.batch(iters);
+
+  for (auto [scheduler, name] :
+       {std::make_pair(sequentialNoFuncPtr, "sequentialNoFuncPtr"),
+        std::make_pair(sequential, "sequential"),
+        std::make_pair(useTailCalls, "useTailCalls"),
+        std::make_pair(interleaveSwapping, "interleavingSwapping"),
+        std::make_pair(interleaveBoundedCyclicList,
+                       "interleaveBoundedCyclicList"),
+        std::make_pair(interleaveCyclicList, "interleaveCyclicList")}) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+      *jobs[i].input = originalInput[i];
+    }
+    memcpy(jobsCopy, jobs, sizeof(jobs));
+    Job *ps[kNumJobs];
+    for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+      ps[i] = jobsCopy + i;
+    }
+    scheduler(ps, kNumJobs);
+    for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+      if (*jobsCopy[i].input != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s failed\n", name);
+        abort();
+      }
+    }
+
+    bench.run(name, [&]() {
+      for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+        *jobs[i].input = originalInput[i];
+      }
+      memcpy(jobsCopy, jobs, sizeof(jobs));
+      Job *ps[kNumJobs];
+      for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+        ps[i] = jobsCopy + i;
+      }
+      scheduler(ps, kNumJobs);
+    });
+  }
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumJobs; ++i) {
+    delete jobs[i].input;
+  }
+}

Internal.h

@@ -20,16 +20,44 @@ using namespace weaselab;
 #include <thread>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <utility>
-#include <vector>
 
 #include <callgrind.h>
 
 #define DEBUG_VERBOSE 0
 #define SHOW_MEMORY 0
 
-[[nodiscard]] inline auto
-operator<=>(const std::span<const uint8_t> &lhs,
-            const std::span<const uint8_t> &rhs) noexcept {
+// std::span is not trivially constructible. We want a span that leaves its
+// members uninitialized for performance reasons.
+struct TrivialSpan {
+  TrivialSpan() = default;
+  TrivialSpan(const uint8_t *begin, int len) : begin(begin), len(len) {}
+
+  uint8_t back() const {
+    assert(len > 0);
+    return begin[len - 1];
+  }
+  uint8_t front() const {
+    assert(len > 0);
+    return begin[0];
+  }
+  uint8_t operator[](int i) const {
+    assert(0 <= i);
+    assert(i < len);
+    return begin[i];
+  }
+  int size() const { return len; }
+  TrivialSpan subspan(int offset, int len) { return {begin + offset, len}; }
+  const uint8_t *data() const { return begin; }
+
+private:
+  const uint8_t *begin;
+  int len;
+};
+
+static_assert(std::is_trivial_v<TrivialSpan>);
+
+[[nodiscard]] inline auto operator<=>(const TrivialSpan &lhs,
+                                      const TrivialSpan &rhs) noexcept {
   int cl = std::min<int>(lhs.size(), rhs.size());
   if (cl > 0) {
     if (auto c = memcmp(lhs.data(), rhs.data(), cl) <=> 0; c != 0) {
@@ -39,7 +67,7 @@ operator<=>(const std::span<const uint8_t> &lhs,
   return lhs.size() <=> rhs.size();
 }
 
-[[nodiscard]] inline auto operator<=>(const std::span<const uint8_t> &lhs,
+[[nodiscard]] inline auto operator<=>(const TrivialSpan &lhs,
                                       const ConflictSet::Key &rhs) noexcept {
   int cl = std::min<int>(lhs.size(), rhs.len);
   if (cl > 0) {
@@ -47,7 +75,18 @@ operator<=>(const std::span<const uint8_t> &lhs,
       return c;
     }
   }
-  return lhs.size() <=> size_t(rhs.len);
+  return lhs.size() <=> rhs.len;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] inline auto operator<=>(const ConflictSet::Key &lhs,
+                                      const ConflictSet::Key &rhs) noexcept {
+  int cl = std::min<int>(lhs.len, rhs.len);
+  if (cl > 0) {
+    if (auto c = memcmp(lhs.p, rhs.p, cl) <=> 0; c != 0) {
+      return c;
+    }
+  }
+  return lhs.len <=> rhs.len;
 }
 
 // This header contains code that we want to reuse outside of ConflictSet.cpp or
@@ -99,8 +138,7 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) inline void safe_free(void *p, size_t s) {
   mallocBytesDelta -= s;
 #if SHOW_MEMORY
   mallocBytes -= s;
-  free(p);
-#else
+#endif
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   (char *&)p -= kMallocHeaderSize;
   size_t expected;
@@ -108,7 +146,6 @@ __attribute__((always_inline)) inline void safe_free(void *p, size_t s) {
   assert(s == expected);
 #endif
   free(p);
-#endif
 }
 
 // ==================== BEGIN ARENA IMPL ====================
@@ -257,10 +294,75 @@ template <class T> struct ArenaAlloc {
   void deallocate(T *, size_t) noexcept {}
 };
 
-template <class T> using Vector = std::vector<T, ArenaAlloc<T>>;
-template <class T> auto vector(Arena &arena) {
-  return Vector<T>(ArenaAlloc<T>(&arena));
-}
+template <class T> struct Vector {
+  static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible_v<T>);
+  static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<T>);
+
+  explicit Vector(Arena *arena)
+      : arena(arena), t(nullptr), size_(0), capacity(0) {}
+
+  void append(std::span<const T> slice) {
+    if (size_ + int(slice.size()) > capacity) {
+      grow(std::max<int>(size_ + slice.size(), capacity * 2));
+    }
+    if (slice.size() > 0) {
+      memcpy(const_cast<std::remove_const_t<T> *>(t) + size_, slice.data(),
+             slice.size() * sizeof(T));
+    }
+    size_ += slice.size();
+  }
+
+  // Caller must write to the returned slice
+  std::span<T> unsafePrepareAppend(int appendSize) {
+    if (size_ + appendSize > capacity) {
+      grow(std::max<int>(size_ + appendSize, capacity * 2));
+    }
+    auto result = std::span<T>(t + size_, appendSize);
+    size_ += appendSize;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  void push_back(const T &t) { append(std::span<const T>(&t, 1)); }
+
+  T *begin() { return t; }
+  T *end() { return t + size_; }
+  T *data() { return t; }
+  T &back() {
+    assert(size_ > 0);
+    return t[size_ - 1];
+  }
+  T &operator[](int i) {
+    assert(i >= 0 && i < size_);
+    return t[i];
+  }
+
+  void pop_back() {
+    assert(size_ > 0);
+    --size_;
+  }
+
+  int size() const { return size_; }
+
+  operator std::span<const T>() const { return std::span(t, size_); }
+
+private:
+  void grow(int newCapacity) {
+    capacity = newCapacity;
+    auto old = std::span<const T>(*this);
+    t = (T *)new (std::align_val_t(alignof(T)), *arena)
+        uint8_t[capacity * sizeof(T)];
+    size_ = 0;
+    append(old);
+  }
+
+  Arena *arena;
+  T *t;
+  int size_;
+  int capacity;
+};
+
+template <class T> auto vector(Arena &arena) { return Vector<T>(&arena); }
+
 template <class T, class C> using Set = std::set<T, C, ArenaAlloc<T>>;
 template <class T, class C = std::less<T>> auto set(Arena &arena) {
   return Set<T, C>(ArenaAlloc<T>(&arena));
@@ -414,13 +516,15 @@ inline uint32_t Arbitrary::bounded(uint32_t s) {
 // ==================== END ARBITRARY IMPL ====================
 
 struct ReferenceImpl {
-  explicit ReferenceImpl(int64_t oldestVersion) : oldestVersion(oldestVersion) {
+  explicit ReferenceImpl(int64_t oldestVersion)
+      : oldestVersion(oldestVersion), newestVersion(oldestVersion) {
     writeVersionMap[""] = oldestVersion;
   }
   void check(const ConflictSet::ReadRange *reads, ConflictSet::Result *results,
              int count) const {
     for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-      if (reads[i].readVersion < oldestVersion) {
+      if (reads[i].readVersion < oldestVersion ||
+          reads[i].readVersion < newestVersion - 2e9) {
         results[i] = ConflictSet::TooOld;
         continue;
       }
@@ -442,6 +546,8 @@ struct ReferenceImpl {
   }
   void addWrites(const ConflictSet::WriteRange *writes, int count,
                  int64_t writeVersion) {
+    assert(writeVersion >= newestVersion);
+    newestVersion = writeVersion;
     for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
       auto begin =
           std::string((const char *)writes[i].begin.p, writes[i].begin.len);
@@ -461,17 +567,18 @@ struct ReferenceImpl {
   }
 
   void setOldestVersion(int64_t oldestVersion) {
-    assert(oldestVersion >= oldestVersion);
+    assert(oldestVersion >= this->oldestVersion);
     this->oldestVersion = oldestVersion;
   }
 
   int64_t oldestVersion;
+  int64_t newestVersion;
   std::map<std::string, int64_t> writeVersionMap;
 };
 
 using Key = ConflictSet::Key;
 
-inline Key operator"" _s(const char *str, size_t size) {
+inline Key operator""_s(const char *str, size_t size) {
   return {reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(str), int(size)};
 }
 
@@ -502,7 +609,7 @@ inline std::string printable(const Key &key) {
   return printable(std::string_view((const char *)key.p, key.len));
 }
 
-inline std::string printable(std::span<const uint8_t> key) {
+inline std::string printable(TrivialSpan key) {
   return printable(std::string_view((const char *)key.data(), key.size()));
 }
 
@@ -520,41 +627,52 @@ inline const char *resultToStr(ConflictSet::Result r) {
 
 namespace {
 
-template <class ConflictSetImpl> struct TestDriver {
-  Arbitrary arbitrary;
-  explicit TestDriver(const uint8_t *data, size_t size)
-      : arbitrary({data, size}) {}
+template <class ConflictSetImpl, bool kEnableAssertions = true>
+struct TestDriver {
+  Arbitrary *arbitrary;
+  explicit TestDriver(Arbitrary &a) : arbitrary(&a) {
+#if DEBUG_VERBOSE && !defined(NDEBUG)
+    fprintf(stderr, "%p Initial version: {%" PRId64 "}\n", this, writeVersion);
+#endif
+  }
 
-  int64_t writeVersion = 0;
-  int64_t oldestVersion = 0;
+  int64_t oldestVersion = arbitrary->next();
+  int64_t writeVersion = oldestVersion;
   ConflictSetImpl cs{oldestVersion};
   ReferenceImpl refImpl{oldestVersion};
 
-  constexpr static auto kMaxKeyLen = 8;
+  constexpr static auto kMaxKeySuffixLen = 8;
 
   bool ok = true;
 
+  const int prefixLen = arbitrary->bounded(512);
+  const int prefixByte = arbitrary->randT<uint8_t>();
+
   // Call until it returns true, for "done". Check internal invariants etc
   // between calls to next.
   bool next() {
-    if (!arbitrary.hasEntropy()) {
+    assert(cs.getBytes() >= 0);
+    if (!arbitrary->hasEntropy()) {
       return true;
     }
     Arena arena;
     {
-      int numPointWrites = arbitrary.bounded(100);
-      int numRangeWrites = arbitrary.bounded(100);
-      int64_t v = ++writeVersion;
+      int numPointWrites = arbitrary->bounded(100);
+      int numRangeWrites = arbitrary->bounded(100);
+      int64_t v =
+          (writeVersion +=
+           arbitrary->bounded(10) ? arbitrary->bounded(10) : arbitrary->next());
       auto *writes =
           new (arena) ConflictSet::WriteRange[numPointWrites + numRangeWrites];
       auto keys = set<std::string_view>(arena);
       while (int(keys.size()) < numPointWrites + numRangeWrites * 2) {
-        if (!arbitrary.hasEntropy()) {
+        if (!arbitrary->hasEntropy()) {
           return true;
         }
-        int keyLen = arbitrary.bounded(kMaxKeyLen);
+        int keyLen = prefixLen + arbitrary->bounded(kMaxKeySuffixLen);
         auto *begin = new (arena) uint8_t[keyLen];
-        arbitrary.randomBytes(begin, keyLen);
+        memset(begin, prefixByte, prefixLen);
+        arbitrary->randomBytes(begin + prefixLen, keyLen - prefixLen);
         keys.insert(std::string_view((const char *)begin, keyLen));
       }
 
@@ -564,7 +682,7 @@ template <class ConflictSetImpl> struct TestDriver {
                rangesRemaining = numRangeWrites;
            pointsRemaining > 0 || rangesRemaining > 0; ++i) {
         bool pointRead = pointsRemaining > 0 && rangesRemaining > 0
-                             ? bool(arbitrary.bounded(2))
+                             ? bool(arbitrary->bounded(2))
                              : pointsRemaining > 0;
         if (pointRead) {
           assert(pointsRemaining > 0);
@@ -583,45 +701,121 @@ template <class ConflictSetImpl> struct TestDriver {
           ++iter;
           --rangesRemaining;
         }
-#if DEBUG_VERBOSE && !defined(NDEBUG)
-        if (writes[i].end.len == 0) {
-          fprintf(stderr, "Write: {%s} -> %" PRId64 "\n",
-                  printable(writes[i].begin).c_str(), writeVersion);
-        } else {
-          fprintf(stderr, "Write: [%s, %s) -> %" PRId64 "\n",
-                  printable(writes[i].begin).c_str(),
-                  printable(writes[i].end).c_str(), writeVersion);
-        }
-#endif
       }
       assert(iter == keys.end());
       assert(i == numPointWrites + numRangeWrites);
 
+      // Test non-canonical writes
+      if (numPointWrites > 0) {
+        int overlaps = arbitrary->bounded(numPointWrites);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numPointWrites + numRangeWrites && overlaps > 0;
+             ++i) {
+          if (writes[i].end.len == 0) {
+            int keyLen = prefixLen + arbitrary->bounded(kMaxKeySuffixLen);
+            auto *begin = new (arena) uint8_t[keyLen];
+            memset(begin, prefixByte, prefixLen);
+            arbitrary->randomBytes(begin + prefixLen, keyLen - prefixLen);
+            writes[i].end.len = keyLen;
+            writes[i].end.p = begin;
+            auto c = TrivialSpan(writes[i].begin.p, writes[i].begin.len) <=>
+                     TrivialSpan(writes[i].end.p, writes[i].end.len);
+            if (c > 0) {
+              using std::swap;
+              swap(writes[i].begin, writes[i].end);
+            } else if (c == 0) {
+              // It's a point write after all, I guess
+              writes[i].end.len = 0;
+            }
+            --overlaps;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (arbitrary->bounded(2)) {
+        // Shuffle writes
+        for (int i = numPointWrites + numRangeWrites - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+          int j = arbitrary->bounded(i + 1);
+          if (i != j) {
+            using std::swap;
+            swap(writes[i], writes[j]);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      oldestVersion +=
+          arbitrary->bounded(10) ? arbitrary->bounded(10) : arbitrary->next();
+      oldestVersion = std::min(oldestVersion, writeVersion);
+
+#ifdef THREAD_TEST
+      std::latch ready{1};
+      std::thread thread2{[&]() {
+        ready.count_down();
+        ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *m;
+        int count;
+        cs.getMetricsV1(&m, &count);
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+          m[i].getValue();
+        }
+      }};
+      ready.wait();
+#endif
+
+#if DEBUG_VERBOSE && !defined(NDEBUG)
+      for (int i = 0; i < numPointWrites + numRangeWrites; ++i) {
+        if (writes[i].end.len == 0) {
+          fprintf(stderr, "%p Write: {%s}\n", this,
+                  printable(writes[i].begin).c_str());
+        } else {
+          fprintf(stderr, "%p Write: [%s, %s)\n", this,
+                  printable(writes[i].begin).c_str(),
+                  printable(writes[i].end).c_str());
+        }
+      }
+      fprintf(stderr, "%p Write @ %" PRId64 "\n", this, v);
+#endif
+
       CALLGRIND_START_INSTRUMENTATION;
       cs.addWrites(writes, numPointWrites + numRangeWrites, v);
       CALLGRIND_STOP_INSTRUMENTATION;
 
-      refImpl.addWrites(writes, numPointWrites + numRangeWrites, v);
+      if constexpr (kEnableAssertions) {
+        refImpl.addWrites(writes, numPointWrites + numRangeWrites, v);
+      }
 
-      oldestVersion = std::max<int64_t>(writeVersion - arbitrary.bounded(10),
-                                        oldestVersion);
+#if DEBUG_VERBOSE && !defined(NDEBUG)
+      fprintf(stderr, "%p Set oldest version: %" PRId64 "\n", this,
+              oldestVersion);
+#endif
+      CALLGRIND_START_INSTRUMENTATION;
       cs.setOldestVersion(oldestVersion);
-      refImpl.setOldestVersion(oldestVersion);
+      CALLGRIND_STOP_INSTRUMENTATION;
+
+      if constexpr (kEnableAssertions) {
+        refImpl.setOldestVersion(oldestVersion);
+      }
+
+#ifdef THREAD_TEST
+      thread2.join();
+#endif
     }
     {
-      int numPointReads = arbitrary.bounded(100);
-      int numRangeReads = arbitrary.bounded(100);
-      int64_t v = std::max<int64_t>(writeVersion - arbitrary.bounded(10), 0);
+      int numPointReads = arbitrary->bounded(100);
+      int numRangeReads = arbitrary->bounded(100);
+
+      int64_t v = std::max<int64_t>(writeVersion - (arbitrary->bounded(10)
+                                                        ? arbitrary->bounded(10)
+                                                        : arbitrary->next()),
+                                    0);
       auto *reads =
           new (arena) ConflictSet::ReadRange[numPointReads + numRangeReads];
       auto keys = set<std::string_view>(arena);
       while (int(keys.size()) < numPointReads + numRangeReads * 2) {
-        if (!arbitrary.hasEntropy()) {
+        if (!arbitrary->hasEntropy()) {
           return true;
         }
-        int keyLen = arbitrary.bounded(kMaxKeyLen);
+        int keyLen = prefixLen + arbitrary->bounded(kMaxKeySuffixLen);
         auto *begin = new (arena) uint8_t[keyLen];
-        arbitrary.randomBytes(begin, keyLen);
+        memset(begin, prefixByte, prefixLen);
+        arbitrary->randomBytes(begin + prefixLen, keyLen - prefixLen);
         keys.insert(std::string_view((const char *)begin, keyLen));
       }
 
@@ -630,7 +824,7 @@ template <class ConflictSetImpl> struct TestDriver {
       for (int pointsRemaining = numPointReads, rangesRemaining = numRangeReads;
            pointsRemaining > 0 || rangesRemaining > 0; ++i) {
         bool pointRead = pointsRemaining > 0 && rangesRemaining > 0
-                             ? bool(arbitrary.bounded(2))
+                             ? bool(arbitrary->bounded(2))
                              : pointsRemaining > 0;
         if (pointRead) {
           assert(pointsRemaining > 0);
@@ -652,12 +846,12 @@ template <class ConflictSetImpl> struct TestDriver {
         reads[i].readVersion = v;
 #if DEBUG_VERBOSE && !defined(NDEBUG)
         if (reads[i].end.len == 0) {
-          fprintf(stderr, "Read: {%s} @ %d\n",
-                  printable(reads[i].begin).c_str(), int(reads[i].readVersion));
+          fprintf(stderr, "%p Read: {%s} @ %" PRId64 "\n", this,
+                  printable(reads[i].begin).c_str(), reads[i].readVersion);
         } else {
-          fprintf(stderr, "Read: [%s, %s) @ %d\n",
+          fprintf(stderr, "%p Read: [%s, %s) @ %" PRId64 "\n", this,
                   printable(reads[i].begin).c_str(),
-                  printable(reads[i].end).c_str(), int(reads[i].readVersion));
+                  printable(reads[i].end).c_str(), reads[i].readVersion);
         }
 #endif
       }
@@ -674,7 +868,15 @@ template <class ConflictSetImpl> struct TestDriver {
       std::latch ready{1};
       std::thread thread2{[&]() {
         ready.count_down();
+        // Call all const methods
         cs.check(reads, results3, numPointReads + numRangeReads);
+        cs.getBytes();
+        ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *m;
+        int count;
+        cs.getMetricsV1(&m, &count);
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+          m[i].getValue();
+        }
       }};
       ready.wait();
 #endif
@@ -683,26 +885,40 @@ template <class ConflictSetImpl> struct TestDriver {
       cs.check(reads, results1, numPointReads + numRangeReads);
       CALLGRIND_STOP_INSTRUMENTATION;
 
-      refImpl.check(reads, results2, numPointReads + numRangeReads);
+      if constexpr (kEnableAssertions) {
+        // Call remaining const methods
+        cs.getBytes();
+        ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *m;
+        int count;
+        cs.getMetricsV1(&m, &count);
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+          m[i].getValue();
+        }
 
-      auto compareResults = [reads](ConflictSet::Result *results1,
-                                    ConflictSet::Result *results2, int count) {
+        refImpl.check(reads, results2, numPointReads + numRangeReads);
+      }
+
+      auto compareResults = [reads, this](ConflictSet::Result *results1,
+                                          ConflictSet::Result *results2,
+                                          int count) {
         for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
           if (results1[i] != results2[i]) {
             if (reads[i].end.len == 0) {
-              fprintf(stderr,
-                      "Expected %s, got %s for read of {%s} at version %" PRId64
-                      "\n",
-                      resultToStr(results2[i]), resultToStr(results1[i]),
-                      printable(reads[i].begin).c_str(), reads[i].readVersion);
-            } else {
               fprintf(
                   stderr,
-                  "Expected %s, got %s for read of [%s, %s) at version %" PRId64
+                  "%p Expected %s, got %s for read of {%s} at version %" PRId64
                   "\n",
-                  resultToStr(results2[i]), resultToStr(results1[i]),
-                  printable(reads[i].begin).c_str(),
-                  printable(reads[i].end).c_str(), reads[i].readVersion);
+                  (void *)this, resultToStr(results2[i]),
+                  resultToStr(results1[i]), printable(reads[i].begin).c_str(),
+                  reads[i].readVersion);
+            } else {
+              fprintf(stderr,
+                      "%p Expected %s, got %s for read of [%s, %s) at version "
+                      "%" PRId64 "\n",
+                      (void *)this, resultToStr(results2[i]),
+                      resultToStr(results1[i]),
+                      printable(reads[i].begin).c_str(),
+                      printable(reads[i].end).c_str(), reads[i].readVersion);
             }
             return false;
           }
@@ -710,9 +926,12 @@ template <class ConflictSetImpl> struct TestDriver {
         return true;
       };
 
-      if (!compareResults(results1, results2, numPointReads + numRangeReads)) {
-        ok = false;
-        return true;
+      if constexpr (kEnableAssertions) {
+        if (!compareResults(results1, results2,
+                            numPointReads + numRangeReads)) {
+          ok = false;
+          return true;
+        }
       }
 
 #ifdef THREAD_TEST

Jenkinsfile

@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ def CleanBuildAndTest(String cmakeArgs) {
     catchError {
         sh '''
         cd build
-        ctest --no-compress-output --test-output-size-passed 100000 --test-output-size-failed 100000 -T Test -j `nproc` --timeout 90
+        ctest --no-compress-output --test-output-size-passed 100000 --test-output-size-failed 100000 -T Test -j `nproc` --timeout 90 > /dev/null
         zstd Testing/*/Test.xml
         '''
     }
-    xunit tools: [CTest(pattern: 'build/Testing/*/Test.xml')], reduceLog: false, skipPublishingChecks: false
+    xunit tools: [CTest(pattern: 'build/Testing/*/Test.xml')], skipPublishingChecks: false
     minio bucket: 'jenkins', credentialsId: 'jenkins-minio', excludes: '', host: 'minio.weaselab.dev', includes: 'build/Testing/*/Test.xml.zst', targetFolder: '${JOB_NAME}/${BUILD_NUMBER}/${STAGE_NAME}/'
 }
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pipeline {
                 sh 'pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure'
             }
         }
-        stage('Clang') {
+        stage('64 bit versions') {
             agent {
                 dockerfile {
                     args '-v /home/jenkins/ccache:/ccache'
@@ -44,8 +44,18 @@ pipeline {
                 }
             }
             steps {
-                CleanBuildAndTest("")
-                recordIssues(tools: [clang()])
+                CleanBuildAndTest("-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-DUSE_64_BIT=1")
+            }
+        }
+        stage('Debug') {
+            agent {
+                dockerfile {
+                    args '-v /home/jenkins/ccache:/ccache'
+                    reuseNode true
+                }
+            }
+            steps {
+                CleanBuildAndTest("-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug")
             }
         }
         stage('SIMD fallback') {
@@ -59,7 +69,7 @@ pipeline {
                 CleanBuildAndTest("-DUSE_SIMD_FALLBACK=ON")
             }
         }
-        stage('Release [gcc]') {
+        stage('Release [clang]') {
             agent {
                 dockerfile {
                     args '-v /home/jenkins/ccache:/ccache'
@@ -67,8 +77,8 @@ pipeline {
                 }
             }
             steps {
-                CleanBuildAndTest("-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-DNVALGRIND")
-                recordIssues(tools: [gcc()])
+                CleanBuildAndTest("-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-DNVALGRIND")
+                recordIssues(tools: [clang()])
                 sh '''
                 cd build
                 cpack -G DEB
@@ -81,7 +91,19 @@ pipeline {
                 minio bucket: 'jenkins', credentialsId: 'jenkins-minio', excludes: '', host: 'minio.weaselab.dev', includes: 'build/*.deb,build/*.rpm,paper/*.pdf', targetFolder: '${JOB_NAME}/${BUILD_NUMBER}/${STAGE_NAME}/'
             }
         }
-        stage('Release [gcc,aarch64]') {
+        stage('gcc') {
+            agent {
+                dockerfile {
+                    args '-v /home/jenkins/ccache:/ccache'
+                    reuseNode true
+                }
+            }
+            steps {
+                CleanBuildAndTest("-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++")
+                recordIssues(tools: [gcc()])
+            }
+        }
+        stage('Release [clang,aarch64]') {
             agent {
                 dockerfile {
                     args '-v /home/jenkins/ccache:/ccache'
@@ -106,11 +128,18 @@ pipeline {
                 }
             }
             steps {
-                CleanBuildAndTest("-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS=--coverage -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=--coverage -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug")
-                sh '''
-                gcovr -f ConflictSet.cpp --cobertura > build/coverage.xml
-                '''
-                cobertura autoUpdateHealth: false, autoUpdateStability: false, coberturaReportFile: 'build/coverage.xml', conditionalCoverageTargets: '70, 0, 0', failUnhealthy: false, failUnstable: false, lineCoverageTargets: '80, 0, 0', maxNumberOfBuilds: 0, methodCoverageTargets: '80, 0, 0', onlyStable: false, sourceEncoding: 'ASCII', zoomCoverageChart: false
+                script {
+                    gcov_args = "-f ConflictSet.cpp -f LongestCommonPrefix.h -f Metrics.h --gcov-executable 'llvm-cov gcov' --exclude-noncode-lines"
+                }
+                CleanBuildAndTest("-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS=--coverage -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=--coverage -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DDISABLE_TSAN=ON")
+                sh """
+                gcovr ${gcov_args} --cobertura > build/coverage.xml
+                """
+                recordCoverage qualityGates: [[criticality: 'NOTE', metric: 'MODULE']], tools: [[parser: 'COBERTURA', pattern: 'build/coverage.xml']]
+                sh """
+                gcovr ${gcov_args}
+                gcovr ${gcov_args} --fail-under-line 100 > /dev/null
+                """
             }
         }
     }

LongestCommonPrefix.h

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <bit>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifdef HAS_AVX
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#elif HAS_ARM_NEON
+#include <arm_neon.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __SANITIZE_THREAD__
+#if defined(__has_feature)
+#if __has_feature(thread_sanitizer)
+#define __SANITIZE_THREAD__
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAS_AVX) || defined(HAS_ARM_NEON)
+constexpr int kStride = 64;
+#else
+constexpr int kStride = 16;
+#endif
+
+constexpr int kUnrollFactor = 4;
+
+inline bool compareStride(const uint8_t *ap, const uint8_t *bp) {
+#if defined(HAS_ARM_NEON)
+  static_assert(kStride == 64);
+  uint8x16_t x[4]; // GCOVR_EXCL_LINE
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+    x[i] = vceqq_u8(vld1q_u8(ap + i * 16), vld1q_u8(bp + i * 16));
+  }
+  auto results = vreinterpretq_u16_u8(
+      vandq_u8(vandq_u8(x[0], x[1]), vandq_u8(x[2], x[3])));
+  bool eq = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(vshrn_n_u16(results, 4)), 0) ==
+            uint64_t(-1);
+#elif defined(HAS_AVX)
+  static_assert(kStride == 64);
+  __m128i x[4]; // GCOVR_EXCL_LINE
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+    x[i] = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *)(ap + i * 16)),
+                          _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *)(bp + i * 16)));
+  }
+  auto eq =
+      _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_and_si128(_mm_and_si128(x[0], x[1]),
+                                      _mm_and_si128(x[2], x[3]))) == 0xffff;
+#else
+  // Hope it gets vectorized
+  auto eq = memcmp(ap, bp, kStride) == 0;
+#endif
+  return eq;
+}
+
+// Precondition: ap[:kStride] != bp[:kStride]
+inline int firstNeqStride(const uint8_t *ap, const uint8_t *bp) {
+#if defined(HAS_AVX)
+  static_assert(kStride == 64);
+  uint64_t c[kStride / 16]; // GCOVR_EXCL_LINE
+  for (int i = 0; i < kStride; i += 16) {
+    const auto a = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *)(ap + i));
+    const auto b = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *)(bp + i));
+    const auto compared = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(a, b);
+    c[i / 16] = _mm_movemask_epi8(compared) & 0xffff;
+  }
+  return std::countr_zero(~(c[0] | c[1] << 16 | c[2] << 32 | c[3] << 48));
+#elif defined(HAS_ARM_NEON)
+  static_assert(kStride == 64);
+  for (int i = 0; i < kStride; i += 16) {
+    // 0xff for each match
+    uint16x8_t results =
+        vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vceqq_u8(vld1q_u8(ap + i), vld1q_u8(bp + i)));
+    // 0xf for each mismatch
+    uint64_t bitfield =
+        ~vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(vshrn_n_u16(results, 4)), 0);
+    if (bitfield) {
+      return i + (std::countr_zero(bitfield) >> 2);
+    }
+  }
+  __builtin_unreachable(); // GCOVR_EXCL_LINE
+#else
+  int i = 0;
+  for (; i < kStride - 1; ++i) {
+    if (*ap++ != *bp++) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return i;
+#endif
+}
+
+// This gets covered in local development
+// GCOVR_EXCL_START
+#if defined(HAS_AVX) && !defined(__SANITIZE_THREAD__)
+__attribute__((target("avx512f,avx512bw"))) inline int
+longestCommonPrefix(const uint8_t *ap, const uint8_t *bp, int cl) {
+  int i = 0;
+  int end = cl & ~63;
+  while (i < end) {
+    const uint64_t eq =
+        _mm512_cmpeq_epi8_mask(_mm512_loadu_epi8(ap), _mm512_loadu_epi8(bp));
+    if (eq != uint64_t(-1)) {
+      return i + std::countr_one(eq);
+    }
+    i += 64;
+    ap += 64;
+    bp += 64;
+  }
+  if (i < cl) {
+    const uint64_t mask = (uint64_t(1) << (cl - i)) - 1;
+    const uint64_t eq = _mm512_cmpeq_epi8_mask(
+        _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi8(mask, ap), _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi8(mask, bp));
+    return i + std::countr_one(eq & mask);
+  }
+  assert(i == cl);
+  return i;
+}
+__attribute__((target("default")))
+#endif
+// GCOVR_EXCL_STOP
+
+inline int
+longestCommonPrefix(const uint8_t *ap, const uint8_t *bp, int cl) {
+  if (!(cl >= 0)) {
+    __builtin_unreachable(); // GCOVR_EXCL_LINE
+  }
+
+  int i = 0;
+  int end; // GCOVR_EXCL_LINE
+
+  // kStride * kUnrollCount at a time
+  end = cl & ~(kStride * kUnrollFactor - 1);
+  while (i < end) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < kUnrollFactor; ++j) {
+      if (!compareStride(ap, bp)) {
+        return i + firstNeqStride(ap, bp);
+      }
+      i += kStride;
+      ap += kStride;
+      bp += kStride;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // kStride at a time
+  end = cl & ~(kStride - 1);
+  while (i < end) {
+    if (!compareStride(ap, bp)) {
+      return i + firstNeqStride(ap, bp);
+    }
+    i += kStride;
+    ap += kStride;
+    bp += kStride;
+  }
+
+  // word at a time
+  end = cl & ~(sizeof(uint64_t) - 1);
+  while (i < end) {
+    uint64_t a; // GCOVR_EXCL_LINE
+    uint64_t b; // GCOVR_EXCL_LINE
+    memcpy(&a, ap, 8);
+    memcpy(&b, bp, 8);
+    const auto mismatched = a ^ b;
+    if (mismatched) {
+      return i + std::countr_zero(mismatched) / 8;
+    }
+    i += 8;
+    ap += 8;
+    bp += 8;
+  }
+
+  // byte at a time
+  while (i < cl) {
+    if (*ap != *bp) {
+      break;
+    }
+    ++ap;
+    ++bp;
+    ++i;
+  }
+
+  return i;
+}

Metrics.h

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "ConflictSet.h"
+#include "Internal.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <tuple>
+
+struct Metric {
+  Metric *prev;
+  const char *name;
+  const char *help;
+  weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1::Type type;
+  std::atomic<int64_t> value;
+
+protected:
+  Metric(Metric *&metricList, int &metricsCount, const char *name,
+         const char *help, weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1::Type type)
+      : prev(std::exchange(metricList, this)), name(name), help(help),
+        type(type), value(0) {
+    ++metricsCount;
+  }
+};
+
+struct Gauge : private Metric {
+  Gauge(Metric *&metricList, int &metricsCount, const char *name,
+        const char *help)
+      : Metric(metricList, metricsCount, name, help,
+               weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1::Gauge) {}
+
+  void set(int64_t value) {
+    this->value.store(value, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+};
+
+struct Counter : private Metric {
+  Counter(Metric *&metricList, int &metricsCount, const char *name,
+          const char *help)
+      : Metric(metricList, metricsCount, name, help,
+               weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1::Counter) {}
+  // Expensive. Accumulate locally and then call add instead of repeatedly
+  // calling add.
+  void add(int64_t value) {
+    assert(value >= 0);
+    static_assert(std::atomic<int64_t>::is_always_lock_free);
+    this->value.fetch_add(value, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+};
+
+inline weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *initMetrics(Metric *metricsList,
+                                                     int metricsCount) {
+  weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *metrics =
+      (weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *)safe_malloc(metricsCount *
+                                                      sizeof(metrics[0]));
+  for (auto [i, m] = std::make_tuple(metricsCount - 1, metricsList); i >= 0;
+       --i, m = m->prev) {
+    metrics[i].name = m->name;
+    metrics[i].help = m->help;
+    metrics[i].p = m;
+    metrics[i].type = m->type;
+  }
+  return metrics;
+}

README.md

@@ -1,84 +1,40 @@
 A data structure for optimistic concurrency control on ranges of bitwise-lexicographically-ordered keys.
 
-Intended to replace FoundationDB's skip list.
+Intended as an alternative to FoundationDB's skip list.
 
-Hardware for all benchmarks is a mac m1 2020.
+Hardware for all benchmarks is an AMD Ryzen 9 7900 with (2x32GB) 5600MT/s CL28-34-34-89 1.35V RAM.
 
-# FoundationDB's benchmark
+Compiler is `Ubuntu clang version 20.0.0 (++20241029082144+7544d3af0e28-1~exp1~20241029082307.506)`.
+
+# Microbenchmark
 
 ## Skip list
 
-```
-New conflict set: 1.957 sec
-                  0.639 Mtransactions/sec
-                  2.555 Mkeys/sec
-Detect only:      1.845 sec
-                  0.678 Mtransactions/sec
-                  2.710 Mkeys/sec
-Skiplist only:    1.263 sec
-                  0.990 Mtransactions/sec
-                  3.960 Mkeys/sec
-Performance counters:
-               Build: 0.0546
-                 Add: 0.0563
-              Detect: 1.84
-              D.Sort: 0.412
-           D.Combine: 0.0141
-         D.CheckRead: 0.671
-   D.CheckIntraBatch: 0.0068
-        D.MergeWrite: 0.592
-      D.RemoveBefore: 0.146
-```
+|               ns/op |                op/s |    err% |          ins/op |          cyc/op |    IPC |         bra/op |   miss% |     total | benchmark
+|--------------------:|--------------------:|--------:|----------------:|----------------:|-------:|---------------:|--------:|----------:|:----------
+|              159.65 |        6,263,576.52 |    1.6% |        2,972.36 |          820.37 |  3.623 |         504.59 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `point reads`
+|              156.32 |        6,397,320.65 |    0.7% |        2,913.62 |          806.87 |  3.611 |         490.19 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `prefix reads`
+|              229.18 |        4,363,293.65 |    1.2% |        3,541.05 |        1,219.75 |  2.903 |         629.33 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `range reads`
+|              363.37 |        2,752,026.30 |    0.3% |        5,273.63 |        1,951.54 |  2.702 |         851.66 |    1.7% |      0.01 | `point writes`
+|              364.99 |        2,739,787.02 |    0.3% |        5,250.92 |        1,958.54 |  2.681 |         839.24 |    1.7% |      0.01 | `prefix writes`
+|              242.26 |        4,127,796.58 |    2.9% |        3,117.33 |        1,304.41 |  2.390 |         541.07 |    2.8% |      0.02 | `range writes`
+|              562.48 |        1,777,855.27 |    0.8% |        7,305.21 |        3,034.34 |  2.408 |       1,329.30 |    1.3% |      0.01 | `monotonic increasing point writes`
+|          122,688.57 |            8,150.72 |    0.7% |      798,766.00 |      666,842.00 |  1.198 |     144,584.50 |    0.1% |      0.01 | `worst case for radix tree`
+|               41.71 |       23,976,459.34 |    1.7% |          885.00 |          219.17 |  4.038 |         132.00 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `create and destroy`
 
 ## Radix tree (this implementation)
 
-```
-New conflict set: 1.366 sec
-                  0.915 Mtransactions/sec
-                  3.660 Mkeys/sec
-Detect only:      1.248 sec
-                  1.002 Mtransactions/sec
-                  4.007 Mkeys/sec
-Skiplist only:    0.573 sec
-                  2.182 Mtransactions/sec
-                  8.730 Mkeys/sec
-Performance counters:
-               Build: 0.0594
-                 Add: 0.0572
-              Detect: 1.25
-              D.Sort: 0.418
-           D.Combine: 0.0149
-         D.CheckRead: 0.232
-   D.CheckIntraBatch: 0.0067
-        D.MergeWrite: 0.341
-      D.RemoveBefore: 0.232
-```
-
-# Our benchmark
-
-## Skip list
-
-|  ns/op |         op/s | err% | total | benchmark                           |
-| -----: | -----------: | ---: | ----: | :---------------------------------- |
-| 246.99 | 4,048,700.59 | 0.2% |  0.01 | `point reads`                       |
-| 260.16 | 3,843,784.65 | 0.1% |  0.01 | `prefix reads`                      |
-| 493.35 | 2,026,953.19 | 0.1% |  0.01 | `range reads`                       |
-| 462.05 | 2,164,289.23 | 0.6% |  0.01 | `point writes`                      |
-| 448.19 | 2,231,205.25 | 0.9% |  0.01 | `prefix writes`                     |
-| 255.83 | 3,908,845.72 | 1.5% |  0.02 | `range writes`                      |
-| 582.63 | 1,716,349.02 | 1.3% |  0.01 | `monotonic increasing point writes` |
-
-## Radix tree (this implementation)
-
-|  ns/op |          op/s | err% | total | benchmark                           |
-| -----: | ------------: | ---: | ----: | :---------------------------------- |
-|  19.42 | 51,483,206.67 | 0.3% |  0.01 | `point reads`                       |
-|  58.43 | 17,115,612.57 | 0.1% |  0.01 | `prefix reads`                      |
-| 216.09 |  4,627,766.60 | 0.2% |  0.01 | `range reads`                       |
-|  28.35 | 35,267,567.72 | 0.2% |  0.01 | `point writes`                      |
-|  43.43 | 23,026,226.17 | 0.2% |  0.01 | `prefix writes`                     |
-|  50.00 | 20,000,000.00 | 0.0% |  0.01 | `range writes`                      |
-|  92.38 | 10,824,863.69 | 4.1% |  0.01 | `monotonic increasing point writes` |
+|               ns/op |                op/s |    err% |          ins/op |          cyc/op |    IPC |         bra/op |   miss% |     total | benchmark
+|--------------------:|--------------------:|--------:|----------------:|----------------:|-------:|---------------:|--------:|----------:|:----------
+|               12.63 |       79,186,868.18 |    1.4% |          241.61 |           64.76 |  3.731 |          31.64 |    0.8% |      0.01 | `point reads`
+|               14.48 |       69,078,073.40 |    0.3% |          292.42 |           74.69 |  3.915 |          41.49 |    0.5% |      0.01 | `prefix reads`
+|               34.37 |       29,094,694.11 |    0.2% |          759.53 |          179.77 |  4.225 |         100.38 |    0.2% |      0.01 | `range reads`
+|               19.34 |       51,713,896.36 |    0.7% |          369.70 |          101.81 |  3.631 |          47.88 |    0.6% |      0.01 | `point writes`
+|               39.16 |       25,538,968.61 |    0.2% |          653.16 |          206.77 |  3.159 |          89.62 |    0.8% |      0.01 | `prefix writes`
+|               40.58 |       24,642,681.12 |    4.7% |          718.44 |          216.44 |  3.319 |          99.28 |    0.6% |      0.01 | `range writes`
+|               78.77 |       12,694,520.69 |    3.8% |        1,395.55 |          421.73 |  3.309 |         249.81 |    0.1% |      0.01 | `monotonic increasing point writes`
+|          287,760.50 |            3,475.11 |    0.5% |    3,929,266.50 |    1,550,225.50 |  2.535 |     639,064.00 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `worst case for radix tree`
+|              104.76 |        9,545,250.65 |    3.1% |        2,000.00 |          552.82 |  3.618 |         342.00 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `create and destroy`
 
 # "Real data" test
 
@@ -87,13 +43,13 @@ Point queries only, best of three runs. Gc ratio is the ratio of time spent doin
 ## skip list
 
 ```
-Check: 11.3385 seconds, 329.718 MB/s, Add: 5.35612 seconds, 131.072 MB/s, Gc ratio: 45.7173%
+Check: 4.39702 seconds, 370.83 MB/s, Add: 4.50025 seconds, 124.583 MB/s, Gc ratio: 29.1333%, Peak idle memory: 5.51852e+06
 ```
 
 ## radix tree
 
 ```
-Check: 2.48583 seconds, 1503.93 MB/s, Add: 2.12768 seconds, 329.954 MB/s, Gc ratio: 41.7943%
+Check: 0.987757 seconds, 1650.76 MB/s, Add: 1.24815 seconds, 449.186 MB/s, Gc ratio: 41.4675%, Peak idle memory: 2.02872e+06
 ```
 
 ## hash table
@@ -101,5 +57,5 @@ Check: 2.48583 seconds, 1503.93 MB/s, Add: 2.12768 seconds, 329.954 MB/s, Gc rat
 (The hash table implementation doesn't work on range queries, and its purpose is to provide an idea of how fast point queries can be)
 
 ```
-Check: 1.83386 seconds, 2038.6 MB/s, Add: 0.601411 seconds, 1167.32 MB/s, Gc ratio: 48.9776%
+Check: 0.84256 seconds, 1935.23 MB/s, Add: 0.697204 seconds, 804.146 MB/s, Gc ratio: 35.4091%
 ```

RealDataBench.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <string_view>
+#include <span>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
     auto *const mapOriginal = begin;
     const auto sizeOriginal = size;
 
-    using StringView = std::basic_string_view<uint8_t>;
+    using StringView = std::span<const uint8_t>;
 
     StringView write;
     std::vector<StringView> reads;
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
       end = (uint8_t *)memchr(begin, '\n', size);
 
       if (line.size() > 0 && line[0] == 'P') {
-        write = line.substr(2, line.size());
+        write = line.subspan(2, line.size());
       } else if (line.size() > 0 && line[0] == 'L') {
-        reads.push_back(line.substr(2, line.size()));
+        reads.push_back(line.subspan(2, line.size()));
       } else if (line.empty()) {
         {
           readRanges.resize(reads.size());
@@ -129,6 +129,16 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
     close(fd);
   }
 
+  ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *metrics;
+  int metricsCount;
+  cs.getMetricsV1(&metrics, &metricsCount);
+  for (int i = 0; i < metricsCount; ++i) {
+    printf("# HELP %s %s\n", metrics[i].name, metrics[i].help);
+    printf("# TYPE %s %s\n", metrics[i].name,
+           metrics[i].type == metrics[i].Counter ? "counter" : "gauge");
+    printf("%s %g\n", metrics[i].name, metrics[i].getValue());
+  }
+
   printf("Check: %g seconds, %g MB/s, Add: %g seconds, %g MB/s, Gc ratio: "
          "%g%%, Peak idle memory: %g\n",
          checkTime, checkBytes / checkTime * 1e-6, addTime,

ScriptTest.cpp

@@ -1,155 +0,0 @@
-#include "Internal.h"
-#include <ConflictSet.h>
-
-#include <chrono>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <vector>
-
-inline size_t getPageSize() {
-  static size_t kPageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
-  return kPageSize;
-}
-
-/// Helper for rounding up to page size (or some other alignment)
-constexpr inline size_t rightAlign(size_t offset, size_t alignment) {
-  return offset % alignment == 0 ? offset
-                                 : ((offset / alignment) + 1) * alignment;
-}
-
-using StringView = std::basic_string_view<uint8_t>;
-
-inline StringView operator"" _v(const char *str, size_t size) {
-  return {reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(str), size};
-}
-
-int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
-
-  ConflictSet cs{0};
-  ReferenceImpl ref{0};
-
-  for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
-    int fd = open(argv[i], O_RDONLY);
-    struct stat st;
-    if (fstat(fd, &st) == -1) {
-      int err = errno;
-      fprintf(stderr, "stat error %s - %s\n", argv[i], strerror(err));
-      fflush(stderr);
-      abort();
-    }
-
-    int64_t size = rightAlign(st.st_size, getPageSize());
-    const uint8_t *begin =
-        (uint8_t *)mmap(0, size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
-    madvise((void *)begin, size, MADV_SEQUENTIAL);
-    auto *const mapOriginal = begin;
-    const auto sizeOriginal = size;
-
-    StringView b;
-    StringView e;
-    int64_t v = 0;
-    int64_t lastWriteVersion = 0;
-    int64_t lastOldestVersion = 0;
-    std::vector<ConflictSet::WriteRange> writeRanges;
-    std::vector<ConflictSet::ReadRange> readRanges;
-    std::vector<ConflictSet::Result> results;
-
-    for (uint8_t *end = (uint8_t *)memchr(begin, '\n', size); end != nullptr;) {
-      StringView line{begin, static_cast<size_t>(end - begin)};
-      size -= end - begin + 1;
-      begin = end + 1;
-      end = (uint8_t *)memchr(begin, '\n', size);
-
-      if (line.starts_with("begin"_v)) {
-        b = line.substr("begin "_v.size(), line.size());
-        printf("b <- %.*s\n", int(b.size()), b.data());
-      } else if (line.starts_with("end"_v)) {
-        e = line.substr("end "_v.size(), line.size());
-        printf("e <- %.*s\n", int(e.size()), e.data());
-      } else if (line.starts_with("version"_v)) {
-        line = line.substr("version "_v.size(), line.size());
-        v = 0;
-        for (auto c : line) {
-          v = v * 10 + int(c) - int('0');
-        }
-        printf("v <- %" PRId64 "\n", v);
-      } else if (line.starts_with("pointread"_v)) {
-        printf("pointread\n");
-        ConflictSet::ReadRange r;
-        r.begin.p = b.data();
-        r.begin.len = b.size();
-        r.end.len = 0;
-        r.readVersion = v;
-        readRanges.push_back(r);
-      } else if (line.starts_with("pointwrite"_v)) {
-        printf("pointwrite\n");
-        assert(writeRanges.empty() ||
-               (writeRanges.back().end.len == 0 ? writeRanges.back().begin
-                                                : writeRanges.back().end) < b);
-        ConflictSet::WriteRange w;
-        w.begin.p = b.data();
-        w.begin.len = b.size();
-        w.end.len = 0;
-        writeRanges.push_back(w);
-      } else if (line.starts_with("rangeread"_v)) {
-        printf("rangeread\n");
-        ConflictSet::ReadRange r;
-        r.begin.p = b.data();
-        r.begin.len = b.size();
-        r.end.p = e.data();
-        r.end.len = e.size();
-        r.readVersion = v;
-        readRanges.push_back(r);
-      } else if (line.starts_with("rangewrite"_v)) {
-        printf("rangewrite\n");
-        assert(b < e);
-        assert(writeRanges.empty() ||
-               (writeRanges.back().end.len == 0 ? writeRanges.back().begin
-                                                : writeRanges.back().end) < b);
-        ConflictSet::WriteRange w;
-        w.begin.p = b.data();
-        w.begin.len = b.size();
-        w.end.p = e.data();
-        w.end.len = e.size();
-        writeRanges.push_back(w);
-      } else if (line.starts_with("check"_v)) {
-        printf("check\n");
-        Arena arena;
-        auto *expected = new (arena) ConflictSet::Result[readRanges.size()];
-        auto *actual = new (arena) ConflictSet::Result[readRanges.size()];
-        ref.check(readRanges.data(), expected, readRanges.size());
-        cs.check(readRanges.data(), actual, readRanges.size());
-        for (int i = 0; i < int(readRanges.size()); ++i) {
-          if (expected[i] != actual[i]) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "Expected %s, got %s at index %d\n",
-                    resultToStr(expected[i]), resultToStr(actual[i]), i);
-            return 1;
-          }
-        }
-        readRanges = {};
-      } else if (line.starts_with("addwrites"_v)) {
-        printf("addwrites\n");
-        assert(v > lastWriteVersion);
-        lastWriteVersion = v;
-        cs.addWrites(writeRanges.data(), writeRanges.size(), v);
-        ref.addWrites(writeRanges.data(), writeRanges.size(), v);
-        writeRanges = {};
-      } else if (line.starts_with("setoldest"_v)) {
-        printf("setoldest\n");
-        assert(v > lastOldestVersion);
-        lastOldestVersion = v;
-        cs.setOldestVersion(v);
-        ref.setOldestVersion(v);
-      } else if (line.empty() || line.starts_with(";"_v)) {
-        // skip
-      } else {
-        printf("Unrecognized line: %.*s\n", int(line.size()), line.data());
-      }
-    }
-    munmap((void *)mapOriginal, sizeOriginal);
-    close(fd);
-  }
-}

ServerBench.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+#include <thread>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "ConflictSet.h"
+#include "Internal.h"
+#include "third_party/nadeau.h"
+
+constexpr int kCacheLine = 64; // TODO mac m1 is 128
+
+template <class T> struct TxQueue {
+
+  explicit TxQueue(int lgSlotCount)
+      : slotCount(1 << lgSlotCount), slotCountMask(slotCount - 1),
+        slots(new T[slotCount]) {
+    // Otherwise we can't tell the difference between full and empty.
+    assert(!(slotCountMask & 0x80000000));
+  }
+
+  /// Call from producer thread, after ensuring consumer is no longer accessing
+  /// it somehow
+  ~TxQueue() { delete[] slots; }
+
+  /// Must be called from the producer thread
+  void push(T t) {
+    if (wouldBlock()) {
+      // Wait for pops to change and try again
+      consumer.pops.wait(producer.lastPopRead, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+      producer.lastPopRead = consumer.pops.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    }
+    slots[producer.pushesNonAtomic++ & slotCountMask] = std::move(t);
+    // seq_cst so that the notify can't be ordered before the store
+    producer.pushes.store(producer.pushesNonAtomic, std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+    // We have to notify every time, since we don't know if this is the last
+    // push ever
+    producer.pushes.notify_one();
+  }
+
+  /// Must be called from the producer thread
+  uint32_t outstanding() {
+    return producer.pushesNonAtomic -
+           consumer.pops.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+
+  /// Returns true if a call to push might block. Must be called from the
+  /// producer thread.
+  bool wouldBlock() {
+    // See if we can determine that overflow won't happen entirely from state
+    // local to the producer
+    if (producer.pushesNonAtomic - producer.lastPopRead == slotCount - 1) {
+      // Re-read pops with memory order
+      producer.lastPopRead = consumer.pops.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+      return producer.pushesNonAtomic - producer.lastPopRead == slotCount - 1;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /// Valid until the next pop, or until this queue is destroyed.
+  T *pop() {
+    // See if we can determine that there's an entry we can pop entirely from
+    // state local to the consumer
+    if (consumer.lastPushRead - consumer.popsNonAtomic == 0) {
+      // Re-read pushes with memory order and try again
+      consumer.lastPushRead = producer.pushes.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+      if (consumer.lastPushRead - consumer.popsNonAtomic == 0) {
+        // Wait for pushes to change and try again
+        producer.pushes.wait(consumer.lastPushRead, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        consumer.lastPushRead = producer.pushes.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+      }
+    }
+    auto result = &slots[consumer.popsNonAtomic++ & slotCountMask];
+    // We only have to write pops with memory order if we've run out of items.
+    // We know that we'll eventually run out.
+    if (consumer.lastPushRead - consumer.popsNonAtomic == 0) {
+      // seq_cst so that the notify can't be ordered before the store
+      consumer.pops.store(consumer.popsNonAtomic, std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+      consumer.pops.notify_one();
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+private:
+  const uint32_t slotCount;
+  const uint32_t slotCountMask;
+  T *slots;
+  struct alignas(kCacheLine) ProducerState {
+    std::atomic<uint32_t> pushes{0};
+    uint32_t pushesNonAtomic{0};
+    uint32_t lastPopRead{0};
+  };
+  struct alignas(kCacheLine) ConsumerState {
+    std::atomic<uint32_t> pops{0};
+    uint32_t popsNonAtomic{0};
+    uint32_t lastPushRead{0};
+  };
+  ProducerState producer;
+  ConsumerState consumer;
+};
+
+std::atomic<int64_t> transactions;
+
+int64_t safeUnaryMinus(int64_t x) {
+  return x == std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min() ? x : -x;
+}
+
+void tupleAppend(std::string &output, int64_t value) {
+  if (value == 0) {
+    output.push_back(0x14);
+    return;
+  }
+  uint32_t size = 8 - __builtin_clrsbll(value) / 8;
+  int typeCode = 0x14 + (value < 0 ? -1 : 1) * size;
+  output.push_back(typeCode);
+  if (value < 0) {
+    value = ~safeUnaryMinus(value);
+  }
+  uint64_t swap = __builtin_bswap64(value);
+  output.insert(output.end(), (uint8_t *)&swap + 8 - size,
+                (uint8_t *)&swap + 8);
+}
+
+void tupleAppend(std::string &output, std::string_view value) {
+  output.push_back('\x02');
+  for (auto c : value) {
+    if (c == '\x00') {
+      output.push_back('\x00');
+      output.push_back('\xff');
+    } else {
+      output.push_back(c);
+    }
+  }
+  output.push_back('\x00');
+}
+
+template <class... Ts> std::string tupleKey(const Ts &...ts) {
+  std::string result;
+  (tupleAppend(result, ts), ...);
+  return result;
+}
+
+constexpr int kTotalKeyRange = 1'000'000'000;
+constexpr int kWindowSize = 1'000'000;
+constexpr int kNumReadKeysPerTx = 10;
+constexpr int kNumWriteKeysPerTx = 5;
+
+struct Transaction {
+  std::vector<std::string> keys;
+  std::vector<weaselab::ConflictSet::ReadRange> reads;
+  std::vector<weaselab::ConflictSet::WriteRange> writes;
+  int64_t version;
+  int64_t oldestVersion;
+  Transaction() = default;
+  explicit Transaction(int64_t version)
+      : version(version), oldestVersion(version - kWindowSize) {
+    std::vector<int64_t> keyIndices;
+    for (int i = 0; i < std::max(kNumReadKeysPerTx, kNumWriteKeysPerTx); ++i) {
+      keyIndices.push_back(rand() % kTotalKeyRange);
+    }
+    std::sort(keyIndices.begin(), keyIndices.end());
+    constexpr std::string_view fullString =
+        "this is a string, where a prefix of it is used as an element of the "
+        "tuple forming the key";
+    for (int i = 0; i < int(keyIndices.size()); ++i) {
+      keys.push_back(
+          tupleKey(0x100, keyIndices[i] / fullString.size(),
+                   fullString.substr(0, keyIndices[i] % fullString.size())));
+      // printf("%s\n", printable(keys.back()).c_str());
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < kNumWriteKeysPerTx; ++i) {
+      writes.push_back({{(const uint8_t *)keys[i].data(), int(keys[i].size())},
+                        {nullptr, 0}});
+    }
+    reads.push_back({{(const uint8_t *)keys[0].data(), int(keys[0].size())},
+                     {(const uint8_t *)keys[1].data(), int(keys[1].size())},
+                     version - kWindowSize});
+    static_assert(kNumReadKeysPerTx >= 3);
+    for (int i = 2; i < kNumReadKeysPerTx; ++i) {
+      reads.push_back({{(const uint8_t *)keys[i].data(), int(keys[i].size())},
+                       {nullptr, 0},
+                       version - kWindowSize});
+    }
+  }
+
+  Transaction(Transaction &&) = default;
+  Transaction &operator=(Transaction &&) = default;
+  Transaction(Transaction const &) = delete;
+  Transaction const &operator=(Transaction const &) = delete;
+};
+
+struct Resolver {
+
+  void resolve(const weaselab::ConflictSet::ReadRange *reads, int readCount,
+               const weaselab::ConflictSet::WriteRange *writes, int writeCount,
+               int64_t newVersion, int64_t newOldestVersion) {
+    results.resize(readCount);
+    cs.check(reads, results.data(), readCount);
+    cs.addWrites(writes, writeCount, newVersion);
+    cs.setOldestVersion(newOldestVersion);
+  }
+
+  ConflictSet cs{0};
+
+private:
+  std::vector<weaselab::ConflictSet::Result> results;
+};
+
+// Adapted from getaddrinfo man page
+int getListenFd(const char *node, const char *service) {
+
+  struct addrinfo hints;
+  struct addrinfo *result, *rp;
+  int sfd, s;
+
+  memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
+  hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;     /* Allow IPv4 or IPv6 */
+  hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM; /* stream socket */
+  hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;     /* For wildcard IP address */
+  hints.ai_protocol = 0;           /* Any protocol */
+  hints.ai_canonname = nullptr;
+  hints.ai_addr = nullptr;
+  hints.ai_next = nullptr;
+
+  s = getaddrinfo(node, service, &hints, &result);
+  if (s != 0) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s\n", gai_strerror(s));
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  /* getaddrinfo() returns a list of address structures.
+     Try each address until we successfully bind(2).
+     If socket(2) (or bind(2)) fails, we (close the socket
+     and) try the next address. */
+
+  for (rp = result; rp != nullptr; rp = rp->ai_next) {
+    sfd = socket(rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype, rp->ai_protocol);
+    if (sfd == -1) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    int val = 1;
+    setsockopt(sfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &val, sizeof(val));
+
+    if (bind(sfd, rp->ai_addr, rp->ai_addrlen) == 0) {
+      break; /* Success */
+    }
+
+    close(sfd);
+  }
+
+  freeaddrinfo(result); /* No longer needed */
+
+  if (rp == nullptr) { /* No address succeeded */
+    fprintf(stderr, "Could not bind\n");
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  int rv = listen(sfd, SOMAXCONN);
+  if (rv) {
+    perror("listen()");
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  return sfd;
+}
+
+// HTTP response
+//
+std::string_view part1 =
+    "HTTP/1.1 200 OK \r\nContent-type: text/plain; version=0.0.4; "
+    "charset=utf-8; escaping=values\r\nContent-Length: ";
+// Decimal content length
+std::string_view part2 = "\r\n\r\n";
+// Body
+
+double toSeconds(timeval t) {
+  return double(t.tv_sec) + double(t.tv_usec) * 1e-6;
+}
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+#include <linux/perf_event.h>
+struct PerfCounter {
+  PerfCounter(int type, int config, const std::string &labels = {},
+              int groupLeaderFd = -1)
+      : labels(labels) {
+    struct perf_event_attr pe;
+
+    memset(&pe, 0, sizeof(pe));
+    pe.type = type;
+    pe.size = sizeof(pe);
+    pe.config = config;
+    pe.inherit = 1;
+    pe.exclude_kernel = 1;
+    pe.exclude_hv = 1;
+
+    fd = perf_event_open(&pe, 0, -1, groupLeaderFd, 0);
+    if (fd < 0 && errno != ENOENT && errno != EINVAL) {
+      perror(labels.c_str());
+    }
+  }
+
+  int64_t total() const {
+    int64_t count;
+    if (read(fd, &count, sizeof(count)) != sizeof(count)) {
+      perror("read instructions from perf");
+      abort();
+    }
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  PerfCounter(PerfCounter &&other)
+      : fd(std::exchange(other.fd, -1)), labels(std::move(other.labels)) {}
+  PerfCounter &operator=(PerfCounter &&other) {
+    fd = std::exchange(other.fd, -1);
+    labels = std::move(other.labels);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ~PerfCounter() {
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+      close(fd);
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool ok() const { return fd >= 0; }
+  const std::string &getLabels() const { return labels; }
+  int getFd() const { return fd; }
+
+private:
+  int fd;
+  std::string labels;
+  static long perf_event_open(struct perf_event_attr *hw_event, pid_t pid,
+                              int cpu, int group_fd, unsigned long flags) {
+    int ret;
+
+    ret = syscall(SYS_perf_event_open, hw_event, pid, cpu, group_fd, flags);
+    return ret;
+  }
+};
+#endif
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  if (argc != 3) {
+    goto fail;
+  }
+  {
+    int listenFd = getListenFd(argv[1], argv[2]);
+
+    Resolver resolver;
+    auto &cs = resolver.cs;
+    weaselab::ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *metrics;
+    int metricsCount;
+    cs.getMetricsV1(&metrics, &metricsCount);
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+    PerfCounter instructions{PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, PERF_COUNT_HW_INSTRUCTIONS};
+    PerfCounter cycles{PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES, "",
+                       instructions.getFd()};
+
+    std::vector<PerfCounter> cacheCounters;
+    for (auto [id, idStr] : std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, std::string>>{
+             {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D, "l1d"},
+             {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1I, "l1i"},
+             {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL, "ll"},
+             {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB, "dtlb"},
+             {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB, "itlb"},
+             {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_BPU, "bpu"},
+             {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_NODE, "node"},
+         }) {
+      for (auto [op, opStr] :
+           std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, std::string>>{
+               {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ, "read"},
+               {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_WRITE, "write"},
+               {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_PREFETCH, "prefetch"},
+           }) {
+        int groupLeaderFd = -1;
+        for (auto [result, resultStr] :
+             std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, std::string>>{
+                 {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS, "miss"},
+                 {PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS, "access"},
+             }) {
+          auto labels = "{id=\"" + idStr + "\", op=\"" + opStr +
+                        "\", result=\"" + resultStr + "\"}";
+          cacheCounters.emplace_back(PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
+                                     id | (op << 8) | (result << 16), labels,
+                                     groupLeaderFd);
+          if (!cacheCounters.back().ok()) {
+            cacheCounters.pop_back();
+          } else {
+            if (groupLeaderFd == -1) {
+              groupLeaderFd = cacheCounters.back().getFd();
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    TxQueue<std::unique_ptr<Transaction>> queue{10};
+
+    auto workloadThread = std::thread{[&]() {
+      for (int64_t version = kWindowSize;;
+           ++version, transactions.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+        auto tx = std::make_unique<Transaction>(version);
+        queue.push(std::move(tx));
+      }
+    }};
+
+    auto resolverThread = std::thread{[&]() {
+      for (;;) {
+        auto tx = queue.pop()->get();
+        resolver.resolve(tx->reads.data(), tx->reads.size(), tx->writes.data(),
+                         tx->writes.size(), tx->version, tx->oldestVersion);
+      }
+    }};
+
+    for (;;) {
+      struct sockaddr_storage peer_addr = {};
+      socklen_t peer_addr_len = sizeof(peer_addr);
+      const int connfd =
+          accept(listenFd, (struct sockaddr *)&peer_addr, &peer_addr_len);
+
+      std::string body;
+
+      rusage r;
+      getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &r);
+      body += "# HELP process_cpu_seconds_total Total user and system CPU time "
+              "spent in seconds.\n# TYPE process_cpu_seconds_total counter\n"
+              "process_cpu_seconds_total ";
+      body += std::to_string(toSeconds(r.ru_utime) + toSeconds(r.ru_stime));
+      body += "\n";
+      body += "# HELP process_resident_memory_bytes Resident memory size in "
+              "bytes.\n# TYPE process_resident_memory_bytes gauge\n"
+              "process_resident_memory_bytes ";
+      body += std::to_string(getCurrentRSS());
+      body += "\n";
+      body += "# HELP transactions_total Total number of transactions\n"
+              "# TYPE transactions_total counter\n"
+              "transactions_total ";
+      body += std::to_string(transactions.load(std::memory_order_relaxed));
+      body += "\n";
+#ifdef __linux__
+      body += "# HELP instructions_total Total number of instructions\n"
+              "# TYPE instructions_total counter\n"
+              "instructions_total ";
+      body += std::to_string(instructions.total());
+      body += "\n";
+      body += "# HELP cycles_total Total number of cycles\n"
+              "# TYPE cycles_total counter\n"
+              "cycles_total ";
+      body += std::to_string(cycles.total());
+      body += "\n";
+      body += "# HELP cache_event_total Total number of cache events\n"
+              "# TYPE cache_event_total counter\n";
+      for (const auto &counter : cacheCounters) {
+        body += "cache_event_total" + counter.getLabels() + " " +
+                std::to_string(counter.total()) + "\n";
+      }
+#endif
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < metricsCount; ++i) {
+        body += "# HELP ";
+        body += metrics[i].name;
+        body += " ";
+        body += metrics[i].help;
+        body += "\n";
+        body += "# TYPE ";
+        body += metrics[i].name;
+        body += " ";
+        body += metrics[i].type == metrics[i].Counter ? "counter" : "gauge";
+        body += "\n";
+        body += metrics[i].name;
+        body += " ";
+        body += std::to_string(metrics[i].getValue());
+        body += "\n";
+      }
+
+      auto len = std::to_string(body.size());
+      iovec iov[] = {
+          {(void *)part1.data(), part1.size()},
+          {(void *)len.data(), len.size()},
+          {(void *)part2.data(), part2.size()},
+          {(void *)body.data(), body.size()},
+      };
+      int written;
+      do {
+        written = writev(connfd, iov, sizeof(iov) / sizeof(iov[0]));
+      } while (written < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+      close(connfd);
+    }
+  }
+fail:
+  fprintf(stderr, "Expected ./%s <host> <port>\n", argv[0]);
+  return 1;
+}

SkipList.cpp

@@ -16,11 +16,17 @@
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * This source code is modified to compile outside of FoundationDB
  */
 
 #include "ConflictSet.h"
 #include "Internal.h"
+#include "Metrics.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <span>
+#include <vector>
 
 std::span<const uint8_t> keyAfter(Arena &arena, std::span<const uint8_t> key) {
   auto result =
@@ -38,7 +44,7 @@ std::span<const uint8_t> copyToArena(Arena &arena,
 }
 
 using Version = int64_t;
-#define force_inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#define force_inline inline __attribute__((always_inline))
 using StringRef = std::span<const uint8_t>;
 
 struct KeyRangeRef {
@@ -50,11 +56,124 @@ struct KeyRangeRef {
       : begin(begin), end(keyAfter(arena, begin)) {}
 };
 
-static thread_local uint32_t g_seed = 0;
+struct KeyInfo {
+  StringRef key;
+  bool begin;
+  bool write;
 
-static inline int skfastrand() {
-  g_seed = g_seed * 1664525L + 1013904223L;
-  return g_seed;
+  KeyInfo() = default;
+  KeyInfo(StringRef key, bool begin, bool write)
+      : key(key), begin(begin), write(write) {}
+};
+
+force_inline int extra_ordering(const KeyInfo &ki) {
+  return ki.begin * 2 + (ki.write ^ ki.begin);
+}
+
+// returns true if done with string
+force_inline bool getCharacter(const KeyInfo &ki, int character,
+                               int &outputCharacter) {
+  // normal case
+  if (character < ki.key.size()) {
+    outputCharacter = 5 + ki.key.begin()[character];
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // termination
+  if (character == ki.key.size()) {
+    outputCharacter = 0;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (character == ki.key.size() + 1) {
+    // end/begin+read/write relative sorting
+    outputCharacter = extra_ordering(ki);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  outputCharacter = 0;
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool operator<(const KeyInfo &lhs, const KeyInfo &rhs) {
+  int i = std::min(lhs.key.size(), rhs.key.size());
+  int c = memcmp(lhs.key.data(), rhs.key.data(), i);
+  if (c != 0)
+    return c < 0;
+
+  // Always sort shorter keys before longer keys.
+  if (lhs.key.size() < rhs.key.size()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (lhs.key.size() > rhs.key.size()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // When the keys are the same length, use the extra ordering constraint.
+  return extra_ordering(lhs) < extra_ordering(rhs);
+}
+
+bool operator==(const KeyInfo &lhs, const KeyInfo &rhs) {
+  return !(lhs < rhs || rhs < lhs);
+}
+
+struct SortTask {
+  int begin;
+  int size;
+  int character;
+  SortTask(int begin, int size, int character)
+      : begin(begin), size(size), character(character) {}
+};
+
+void sortPoints(std::vector<KeyInfo> &points) {
+  std::vector<SortTask> tasks;
+  std::vector<KeyInfo> newPoints;
+  std::vector<int> counts;
+
+  tasks.emplace_back(0, points.size(), 0);
+
+  while (tasks.size()) {
+    SortTask st = tasks.back();
+    tasks.pop_back();
+
+    if (st.size < 10) {
+      std::sort(points.begin() + st.begin, points.begin() + st.begin + st.size);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    newPoints.resize(st.size);
+    counts.assign(256 + 5, 0);
+
+    // get counts
+    int c;
+    bool allDone = true;
+    for (int i = st.begin; i < st.begin + st.size; i++) {
+      allDone &= getCharacter(points[i], st.character, c);
+      counts[c]++;
+    }
+    if (allDone)
+      continue;
+
+    // calculate offsets from counts and build next level of tasks
+    int total = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < counts.size(); i++) {
+      int temp = counts[i];
+      if (temp > 1)
+        tasks.emplace_back(st.begin + total, temp, st.character + 1);
+      counts[i] = total;
+      total += temp;
+    }
+
+    // put in their places
+    for (int i = st.begin; i < st.begin + st.size; i++) {
+      getCharacter(points[i], st.character, c);
+      newPoints[counts[c]++] = points[i];
+    }
+
+    // copy back into original points array
+    for (int i = 0; i < st.size; i++)
+      points[st.begin + i] = newPoints[i];
+  }
 }
 
 static int compare(const StringRef &a, const StringRef &b) {
@@ -82,20 +201,24 @@ struct ReadConflictRange {
   }
 };
 
+static constexpr int MaxLevels = 26;
+
+struct RandomLevel {
+  explicit RandomLevel(uint32_t seed) : seed(seed) {}
+
+  int next() {
+    int result = __builtin_clz(seed | (uint32_t(-1) >> (MaxLevels - 1)));
+    seed = seed * 1664525L + 1013904223L;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+private:
+  uint32_t seed;
+};
+
 class SkipList {
 private:
-  static constexpr int MaxLevels = 26;
-
-  int randomLevel() const {
-    uint32_t i = uint32_t(skfastrand()) >> (32 - (MaxLevels - 1));
-    int level = 0;
-    while (i & 1) {
-      i >>= 1;
-      level++;
-    }
-    assert(level < MaxLevels);
-    return level;
-  }
+  RandomLevel randomLevel{0};
 
   // Represent a node in the SkipList. The node has multiple (i.e., level)
   // pointers to other nodes, and keeps a record of the max versions for each
@@ -268,13 +391,21 @@ public:
   }
 
   explicit SkipList(Version version = 0) {
+#if DEBUG_VERBOSE
+    fprintf(stderr, "skip_list: create\n");
+#endif
     header = Node::create(StringRef(), MaxLevels - 1);
     for (int l = 0; l < MaxLevels; l++) {
       header->setNext(l, nullptr);
       header->setMaxVersion(l, version);
     }
   }
-  ~SkipList() { destroy(); }
+  ~SkipList() {
+#if DEBUG_VERBOSE
+    fprintf(stderr, "skip_list: destroy\n");
+#endif
+    destroy();
+  }
   SkipList(SkipList &&other) noexcept : header(other.header) {
     other.header = nullptr;
   }
@@ -285,27 +416,33 @@ public:
   }
   void swap(SkipList &other) { std::swap(header, other.header); }
 
-  void addConflictRanges(const Finger *fingers, int rangeCount,
-                         Version version) {
+  // Returns the change in the number of entries
+  int64_t addConflictRanges(const Finger *fingers, int rangeCount,
+                            Version version) {
+    int64_t result = rangeCount;
     for (int r = rangeCount - 1; r >= 0; r--) {
       const Finger &startF = fingers[r * 2];
       const Finger &endF = fingers[r * 2 + 1];
 
-      if (endF.found() == nullptr)
+      if (endF.found() == nullptr) {
+        ++result;
         insert(endF, endF.finger[0]->getMaxVersion(0));
+      }
 
-      remove(startF, endF);
+      result -= remove(startF, endF);
       insert(startF, version);
     }
+    return result;
   }
 
-  void detectConflicts(ReadConflictRange *ranges, int count,
-                       ConflictSet::Result *transactionConflictStatus) const {
+  // Return number of iterations of main loop
+  int detectConflicts(ReadConflictRange *ranges, int count,
+                      ConflictSet::Result *transactionConflictStatus) const {
     const int M = 16;
     int nextJob[M];
     CheckMax inProgress[M];
     if (!count)
-      return;
+      return 0;
 
     int started = std::min(M, count);
     for (int i = 0; i < started; i++) {
@@ -316,8 +453,9 @@ public:
 
     int prevJob = started - 1;
     int job = 0;
+    int iters = 0;
     // vtune: 340 parts
-    while (true) {
+    for (;; ++iters) {
       if (inProgress[job].advance()) {
         if (started == count) {
           if (prevJob == job)
@@ -333,6 +471,7 @@ public:
       prevJob = job;
       job = nextJob[job];
     }
+    return iters;
   }
 
   void find(const StringRef *values, Finger *results, int *temp, int count) {
@@ -426,9 +565,10 @@ public:
   }
 
 private:
-  void remove(const Finger &start, const Finger &end) {
+  // Returns the number of entries removed
+  int64_t remove(const Finger &start, const Finger &end) {
     if (start.finger[0] == end.finger[0])
-      return;
+      return 0;
 
     Node *x = start.finger[0]->getNext(0);
 
@@ -437,17 +577,20 @@ private:
       if (start.finger[i] != end.finger[i])
         start.finger[i]->setNext(i, end.finger[i]->getNext(i));
 
+    int64_t result = 0;
     while (true) {
       Node *next = x->getNext(0);
       x->destroy();
+      ++result;
       if (x == end.finger[0])
         break;
       x = next;
     }
+    return result;
   }
 
   void insert(const Finger &f, Version version) {
-    int level = randomLevel();
+    int level = randomLevel.next();
     // std::cout << std::string((const char*)value,length) << " level: " <<
     // level << std::endl;
     Node *x = Node::create(f.value, level);
@@ -563,16 +706,27 @@ private:
   };
 };
 
-struct SkipListConflictSet {};
+struct ReadContext {
+  int64_t commits_accum = 0;
+  int64_t conflicts_accum = 0;
+  int64_t too_olds_accum = 0;
+  int64_t check_bytes_accum = 0;
+};
 
 struct __attribute__((visibility("hidden"))) ConflictSet::Impl {
   Impl(int64_t oldestVersion)
-      : oldestVersion(oldestVersion), skipList(oldestVersion) {}
+      : oldestVersion(oldestVersion), newestVersion(oldestVersion),
+        skipList(oldestVersion) {
+    metrics = initMetrics(metricsList, metricsCount);
+  }
+  ~Impl() { safe_free(metrics, metricsCount * sizeof(metrics[0])); }
   void check(const ConflictSet::ReadRange *reads, ConflictSet::Result *results,
-             int count) const {
+             int count) {
+    ReadContext tls;
     Arena arena;
     auto *ranges = new (arena) ReadConflictRange[count];
     for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      tls.check_bytes_accum += reads[i].begin.len + reads[i].end.len;
       ranges[i].begin = {reads[i].begin.p, size_t(reads[i].begin.len)};
       ranges[i].end = reads[i].end.len > 0
                           ? StringRef{reads[i].end.p, size_t(reads[i].end.len)}
@@ -580,48 +734,96 @@ struct __attribute__((visibility("hidden"))) ConflictSet::Impl {
       ranges[i].version = reads[i].readVersion;
       results[i] = ConflictSet::Commit;
     }
-    skipList.detectConflicts(ranges, count, results);
+    int iters = skipList.detectConflicts(ranges, count, results);
     for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-      if (reads[i].readVersion < oldestVersion) {
+      if (reads[i].readVersion < oldestVersion ||
+          reads[i].readVersion < newestVersion - 2e9) {
         results[i] = TooOld;
       }
+      tls.commits_accum += results[i] == Commit;
+      tls.conflicts_accum += results[i] == Conflict;
+      tls.too_olds_accum += results[i] == TooOld;
     }
+    range_read_iterations_total.add(iters);
+    range_read_total.add(count);
+    commits_total.add(tls.commits_accum);
+    conflicts_total.add(tls.conflicts_accum);
+    too_olds_total.add(tls.too_olds_accum);
+    check_bytes_total.add(tls.check_bytes_accum);
   }
 
   void addWrites(const ConflictSet::WriteRange *writes, int count,
                  int64_t writeVersion) {
+    auto points = std::vector<KeyInfo>(count * 2);
     Arena arena;
-    const int stringCount = count * 2;
+
+    for (int r = 0; r < count; r++) {
+      points.emplace_back(StringRef(writes[r].begin.p, writes[r].begin.len),
+                          true, true);
+      points.emplace_back(
+          writes[r].end.len > 0
+              ? StringRef{writes[r].end.p, size_t(writes[r].end.len)}
+              : keyAfter(arena, points.back().key),
+          false, true);
+    }
+
+    if (!std::is_sorted(points.begin(), points.end())) {
+      sortPoints(points);
+    }
+
+    int activeWriteCount = 0;
+    std::vector<std::pair<StringRef, StringRef>> combinedWriteConflictRanges;
+    for (const KeyInfo &point : points) {
+      if (point.write) {
+        if (point.begin) {
+          activeWriteCount++;
+          if (activeWriteCount == 1)
+            combinedWriteConflictRanges.emplace_back(point.key, StringRef());
+        } else /*if (point.end)*/ {
+          activeWriteCount--;
+          if (activeWriteCount == 0)
+            combinedWriteConflictRanges.back().second = point.key;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert(writeVersion >= newestVersion);
+    newestVersion = writeVersion;
+    const int stringCount = combinedWriteConflictRanges.size() * 2;
 
     const int stripeSize = 16;
     SkipList::Finger fingers[stripeSize];
     int temp[stripeSize];
     int stripes = (stringCount + stripeSize - 1) / stripeSize;
     StringRef values[stripeSize];
-    int64_t writeVersions[stripeSize / 2];
     int ss = stringCount - (stripes - 1) * stripeSize;
+    int64_t entryDelta = 0;
     for (int s = stripes - 1; s >= 0; s--) {
       for (int i = 0; i * 2 < ss; ++i) {
-        const auto &w = writes[s * stripeSize / 2 + i];
-        values[i * 2] = {w.begin.p, size_t(w.begin.len)};
-        values[i * 2 + 1] = w.end.len > 0
-                                ? StringRef{w.end.p, size_t(w.end.len)}
-                                : keyAfter(arena, values[i * 2]);
-        keyUpdates += 3;
+        const auto &w = combinedWriteConflictRanges[s * stripeSize / 2 + i];
+        values[i * 2] = w.first;
+        values[i * 2 + 1] = w.second;
       }
       skipList.find(values, fingers, temp, ss);
-      skipList.addConflictRanges(fingers, ss / 2, writeVersion);
+      entryDelta += skipList.addConflictRanges(fingers, ss / 2, writeVersion);
       ss = stripeSize;
     }
+
+    // Run gc at least 200% the rate we're inserting entries
+    keyUpdates += std::max<int64_t>(entryDelta, 0) * 2;
   }
 
   void setOldestVersion(int64_t oldestVersion) {
+    // This isn't 100% accurate. It overcounts if you hit the end
+    gc_iterations_total.add(keyUpdates);
+
+    assert(oldestVersion >= this->oldestVersion);
     this->oldestVersion = oldestVersion;
     SkipList::Finger finger;
     int temp;
     std::span<const uint8_t> key = removalKey;
     skipList.find(&key, &finger, &temp, 1);
-    skipList.removeBefore(oldestVersion, finger, std::exchange(keyUpdates, 10));
+    skipList.removeBefore(oldestVersion, finger, std::exchange(keyUpdates, 0));
     removalArena = Arena();
     removalKey = copyToArena(
         removalArena, {finger.getValue().data(), finger.getValue().size()});
@@ -629,54 +831,149 @@ struct __attribute__((visibility("hidden"))) ConflictSet::Impl {
 
   int64_t totalBytes = 0;
 
+  MetricsV1 *metrics;
+  int metricsCount = 0;
+  Metric *metricsList = nullptr;
+
+#define GAUGE(name, help)                                                      \
+  Gauge name { metricsList, metricsCount, #name, help }
+#define COUNTER(name, help)                                                    \
+  Counter name { metricsList, metricsCount, #name, help }
+  // ==================== METRICS DEFINITIONS ====================
+  COUNTER(range_read_total, "Total number of range reads checked");
+  COUNTER(range_read_iterations_total,
+          "Total number of iterations of the main loops for range read checks");
+  COUNTER(commits_total,
+          "Total number of checks where the result is \"commit\"");
+  COUNTER(conflicts_total,
+          "Total number of checks where the result is \"conflict\"");
+  COUNTER(too_olds_total,
+          "Total number of checks where the result is \"too old\"");
+  COUNTER(check_bytes_total, "Total number of key bytes checked");
+  GAUGE(memory_bytes, "Total number of bytes in use");
+  COUNTER(nodes_allocated_total,
+          "The total number of physical tree nodes allocated");
+  COUNTER(nodes_released_total,
+          "The total number of physical tree nodes released");
+  COUNTER(insert_iterations_total,
+          "The total number of iterations of the main loop for insertion. "
+          "Includes searches where the entry already existed, and so insertion "
+          "did not take place");
+  COUNTER(entries_inserted_total,
+          "The total number of entries inserted in the tree");
+  COUNTER(entries_erased_total,
+          "The total number of entries erased from the tree");
+  COUNTER(
+      gc_iterations_total,
+      "The total number of iterations of the main loop for garbage collection");
+  COUNTER(write_bytes_total, "Total number of key bytes in calls to addWrites");
+  GAUGE(oldest_version,
+        "The lowest version that doesn't result in \"TooOld\" for checks");
+  GAUGE(newest_version, "The version of the most recent call to addWrites");
+  // ==================== END METRICS DEFINITIONS ====================
+#undef GAUGE
+#undef COUNTER
+
+  void getMetricsV1(MetricsV1 **metrics, int *count) {
+    *metrics = this->metrics;
+    *count = metricsCount;
+  }
+
 private:
-  int64_t keyUpdates = 10;
+  int64_t keyUpdates = 0;
   Arena removalArena;
   std::span<const uint8_t> removalKey;
   int64_t oldestVersion;
+  int64_t newestVersion;
   SkipList skipList;
 };
 
+// Internal entry points. Public entry points should just delegate to these
+
+void internal_check(ConflictSet::Impl *impl,
+                    const ConflictSet::ReadRange *reads,
+                    ConflictSet::Result *results, int count) {
+  impl->check(reads, results, count);
+}
+void internal_addWrites(ConflictSet::Impl *impl,
+                        const ConflictSet::WriteRange *writes, int count,
+                        int64_t writeVersion) {
+  mallocBytesDelta = 0;
+  impl->addWrites(writes, count, writeVersion);
+  impl->totalBytes += mallocBytesDelta;
+  impl->memory_bytes.set(impl->totalBytes);
+#if SHOW_MEMORY
+  if (impl->totalBytes != mallocBytes) {
+    abort();
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+void internal_setOldestVersion(ConflictSet::Impl *impl, int64_t oldestVersion) {
+  mallocBytesDelta = 0;
+  impl->setOldestVersion(oldestVersion);
+  impl->totalBytes += mallocBytesDelta;
+  impl->memory_bytes.set(impl->totalBytes);
+#if SHOW_MEMORY
+  if (impl->totalBytes != mallocBytes) {
+    abort();
+  }
+#endif
+}
+ConflictSet::Impl *internal_create(int64_t oldestVersion) {
+  mallocBytesDelta = 0;
+  auto *result = new (safe_malloc(sizeof(ConflictSet::Impl)))
+      ConflictSet::Impl{oldestVersion};
+  result->totalBytes += mallocBytesDelta;
+  return result;
+}
+
+void internal_destroy(ConflictSet::Impl *impl) {
+  impl->~Impl();
+  safe_free(impl, sizeof(ConflictSet::Impl));
+}
+
+int64_t internal_getBytes(ConflictSet::Impl *impl) { return impl->totalBytes; }
+
+void internal_getMetricsV1(ConflictSet::Impl *impl,
+                           ConflictSet::MetricsV1 **metrics, int *count) {
+  return impl->getMetricsV1(metrics, count);
+}
+
+double internal_getMetricValue(const ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *metric) {
+  return ((Metric *)metric->p)->value.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
 void ConflictSet::check(const ReadRange *reads, Result *results,
                         int count) const {
-  impl->check(reads, results, count);
+  internal_check(impl, reads, results, count);
 }
 
 void ConflictSet::addWrites(const WriteRange *writes, int count,
                             int64_t writeVersion) {
-  mallocBytesDelta = 0;
-  impl->addWrites(writes, count, writeVersion);
-  impl->totalBytes += mallocBytesDelta;
-#if SHOW_MEMORY
-  if (impl->totalBytes != mallocBytes) {
-    abort();
-  }
-#endif
+  internal_addWrites(impl, writes, count, writeVersion);
 }
 
 void ConflictSet::setOldestVersion(int64_t oldestVersion) {
-  mallocBytesDelta = 0;
-  impl->setOldestVersion(oldestVersion);
-  impl->totalBytes += mallocBytesDelta;
-#if SHOW_MEMORY
-  if (impl->totalBytes != mallocBytes) {
-    abort();
-  }
-#endif
+  internal_setOldestVersion(impl, oldestVersion);
 }
 
-int64_t ConflictSet::getBytes() const { return impl->totalBytes; }
+int64_t ConflictSet::getBytes() const { return internal_getBytes(impl); }
+
+void ConflictSet::getMetricsV1(MetricsV1 **metrics, int *count) const {
+  return internal_getMetricsV1(impl, metrics, count);
+}
+
+double ConflictSet::MetricsV1::getValue() const {
+  return internal_getMetricValue(this);
+}
 
 ConflictSet::ConflictSet(int64_t oldestVersion)
-    : impl((mallocBytesDelta = 0,
-            new(safe_malloc(sizeof(Impl))) Impl{oldestVersion})) {
-  impl->totalBytes += mallocBytesDelta;
-}
+    : impl(internal_create(oldestVersion)) {}
 
 ConflictSet::~ConflictSet() {
   if (impl) {
-    impl->~Impl();
-    safe_free(impl, sizeof(Impl));
+    internal_destroy(impl);
   }
 }
 
@@ -697,37 +994,34 @@ extern "C" {
 __attribute__((__visibility__("default"))) void
 ConflictSet_check(void *cs, const ConflictSet_ReadRange *reads,
                   ConflictSet_Result *results, int count) {
-  ((ConflictSet::Impl *)cs)->check(reads, results, count);
+  internal_check((ConflictSet::Impl *)cs, reads, results, count);
 }
 __attribute__((__visibility__("default"))) void
 ConflictSet_addWrites(void *cs, const ConflictSet_WriteRange *writes, int count,
                       int64_t writeVersion) {
-  ((ConflictSet::Impl *)cs)->addWrites(writes, count, writeVersion);
+  internal_addWrites((ConflictSet::Impl *)cs, writes, count, writeVersion);
 }
 __attribute__((__visibility__("default"))) void
 ConflictSet_setOldestVersion(void *cs, int64_t oldestVersion) {
-  ((ConflictSet::Impl *)cs)->setOldestVersion(oldestVersion);
+  internal_setOldestVersion((ConflictSet::Impl *)cs, oldestVersion);
 }
 __attribute__((__visibility__("default"))) void *
 ConflictSet_create(int64_t oldestVersion) {
-  return new (safe_malloc(sizeof(ConflictSet::Impl)))
-      ConflictSet::Impl{oldestVersion};
+  return internal_create(oldestVersion);
 }
 __attribute__((__visibility__("default"))) void ConflictSet_destroy(void *cs) {
-  using Impl = ConflictSet::Impl;
-  ((Impl *)cs)->~Impl();
-  safe_free(cs, sizeof(Impl));
+  internal_destroy((ConflictSet::Impl *)cs);
 }
 __attribute__((__visibility__("default"))) int64_t
 ConflictSet_getBytes(void *cs) {
-  using Impl = ConflictSet::Impl;
-  return ((Impl *)cs)->totalBytes;
+  return internal_getBytes((ConflictSet::Impl *)cs);
 }
 }
 
 #if SHOW_MEMORY
 struct __attribute__((visibility("default"))) PeakPrinter {
   ~PeakPrinter() {
+    printf("--- skip_list ---\n");
     printf("malloc bytes: %g\n", double(mallocBytes));
     printf("Peak malloc bytes: %g\n", double(peakMallocBytes));
   }

TestDriver.cpp

@@ -3,17 +3,68 @@
 #include <fstream>
 #include <sstream>
 
+#ifndef PERF_TEST
+#define PERF_TEST 0
+#endif
+
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
   for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
     std::ifstream t(argv[i], std::ios::binary);
     std::stringstream buffer;
     buffer << t.rdbuf();
     auto str = buffer.str();
-    TestDriver<ConflictSet> driver{(const uint8_t *)str.data(), str.size()};
-    while (!driver.next())
-      ;
-    if (!driver.ok) {
-      abort();
+    Arbitrary arbitrary({(const uint8_t *)str.data(), str.size()});
+    TestDriver<ConflictSet, !PERF_TEST> driver1{arbitrary};
+    TestDriver<ConflictSet, !PERF_TEST> driver2{arbitrary};
+    bool done1 = false;
+    bool done2 = false;
+    for (;;) {
+      if (!done1) {
+        done1 = driver1.next();
+        if (!driver1.ok) {
+          abort();
+        }
+      }
+      if (!done2) {
+        done2 = driver2.next();
+        if (!driver2.ok) {
+          abort();
+        }
+      }
+      if (done1 && done2) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    {
+      ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *metrics;
+      int metricsCount;
+      driver1.cs.getMetricsV1(&metrics, &metricsCount);
+      printf("#################### METRICS for ConflictSet 1 for %s "
+             "####################\n",
+             argv[i]);
+      for (int i = 0; i < metricsCount; ++i) {
+        printf("# HELP %s %s\n", metrics[i].name, metrics[i].help);
+        printf("# TYPE %s %s\n", metrics[i].name,
+               metrics[i].type == metrics[i].Counter ? "counter" : "gauge");
+        printf("%s %g\n", metrics[i].name, metrics[i].getValue());
+      }
+      puts("");
+    }
+    {
+      ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *metrics;
+      int metricsCount;
+      driver2.cs.getMetricsV1(&metrics, &metricsCount);
+      printf("#################### METRICS for ConflictSet 2 for %s "
+             "####################\n",
+             argv[i]);
+      for (int i = 0; i < metricsCount; ++i) {
+        printf("# HELP %s %s\n", metrics[i].name, metrics[i].help);
+        printf("# TYPE %s %s\n", metrics[i].name,
+               metrics[i].type == metrics[i].Counter ? "counter" : "gauge");
+        printf("%s %g\n", metrics[i].name, metrics[i].getValue());
+      }
+      puts("");
     }
   }
 }

aarch64-symbol-imports.txt

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
+__aarch64_ldadd8_relax
+__getauxval@GLIBC_2.17
 __stack_chk_fail@GLIBC_2.17
 __stack_chk_guard@GLIBC_2.17
 abort@GLIBC_2.17
 free@GLIBC_2.17
 malloc@GLIBC_2.17
+memcmp@GLIBC_2.17
 memcpy@GLIBC_2.17
 memmove@GLIBC_2.17
 memset@GLIBC_2.17

aarch64-toolchain.cmake

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Linux)
 set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR aarch64)
-set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER "/usr/bin/aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc")
-set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER "/usr/bin/aarch64-linux-gnu-g++")
+set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER "clang;--target=aarch64-linux-gnu")
+set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER "clang++;--target=aarch64-linux-gnu")
 set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH /usr/aarch64-linux-gnu)
 set(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING_EMULATOR "qemu-aarch64;-L;/usr/aarch64-linux-gnu/")
 set(CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_ARCHITECTURE arm64)
+set(LD_EXE "/usr/bin/aarch64-linux-gnu-ld")

apple-symbol-exports.txt

@@ -13,5 +13,7 @@ __ZN8weaselab11ConflictSetC2Ex
 __ZN8weaselab11ConflictSetD1Ev
 __ZN8weaselab11ConflictSetD2Ev
 __ZN8weaselab11ConflictSetaSEOS0_
+__ZNK8weaselab11ConflictSet12getMetricsV1EPPNS0_9MetricsV1EPi
 __ZNK8weaselab11ConflictSet5checkEPKNS0_9ReadRangeEPNS0_6ResultEi
 __ZNK8weaselab11ConflictSet8getBytesEv
+__ZNK8weaselab11ConflictSet9MetricsV18getValueEv

apple-symbol-imports.txt

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+___chkstk_darwin
+___stack_chk_fail
+___stack_chk_guard
 __tlv_bootstrap
 _abort
 _bzero
 _free
 _malloc
+_memcmp
 _memcpy
-_memmove
+_memmove
+dyld_stub_binder

conflict_set.py

@@ -4,22 +4,6 @@ import os
 
 from typing import Optional
 
-_lib = None
-for f in (
-    os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/build/radix_tree/libconflict-set.so.0",
-    os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/build/radix_tree/libconflict-set.0.dylib",
-):
-    try:
-        _lib = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(f)
-    except:
-        pass
-
-if _lib is None:
-    import sys
-
-    print("Could not find libconflict-set", file=sys.stderr)
-    sys.exit(1)
-
 
 class _Key(ctypes.Structure):
     _fields_ = [("p", ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ubyte)), ("len", ctypes.c_int)]
@@ -37,28 +21,6 @@ class WriteRange(ctypes.Structure):
     _fields_ = [("begin", _Key), ("end", _Key)]
 
 
-_lib.ConflictSet_create.argtypes = (ctypes.c_int64,)
-_lib.ConflictSet_create.restype = ctypes.c_void_p
-
-_lib.ConflictSet_check.argtypes = (
-    ctypes.c_void_p,
-    ctypes.POINTER(ReadRange),
-    ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int),
-    ctypes.c_int,
-)
-
-_lib.ConflictSet_addWrites.argtypes = (
-    ctypes.c_void_p,
-    ctypes.POINTER(WriteRange),
-    ctypes.c_int,
-    ctypes.c_int64,
-)
-
-_lib.ConflictSet_setOldestVersion.argtypes = (ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_int64)
-
-_lib.ConflictSet_destroy.argtypes = (ctypes.c_void_p,)
-
-
 class Result(enum.Enum):
     COMMIT = 0
     CONFLICT = 1
@@ -66,55 +28,111 @@ class Result(enum.Enum):
 
 
 def write(begin: bytes, end: Optional[bytes] = None) -> WriteRange:
-    b = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(begin))()
-    b.value = begin
+    b = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(begin)).from_buffer(bytearray(begin))
+
     if end is None:
         e = (ctypes.c_ubyte * 0)()
-        e.value = b""
     else:
-        e = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(end))()
-        e.value = end
+        e = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(end)).from_buffer(bytearray(end))
     return WriteRange(_Key(b, len(b)), _Key(e, len(e)))
 
 
 def read(version: int, begin: bytes, end: Optional[bytes] = None) -> ReadRange:
-    b = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(begin))()
-    b.value = begin
+    b = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(begin)).from_buffer(bytearray(begin))
     if end is None:
         e = (ctypes.c_ubyte * 0)()
-        e.value = b""
     else:
-        e = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(end))()
-        e.value = end
+        e = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(end)).from_buffer(bytearray(end))
     return ReadRange(_Key(b, len(b)), _Key(e, len(e)), version)
 
 
 class ConflictSet:
-    def __init__(self, version: int = 0) -> None:
-        self.p = _lib.ConflictSet_create(version)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        version: int = 0,
+        build_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+        implementation: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._lib = None
+        if build_dir is None:
+            build_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/build"
+        if implementation is None:
+            implementation = "radix_tree"
+        for f in (
+            build_dir + "/" + implementation + "/libconflict-set.so.0",
+            os.path.dirname(__file__)
+            + "/build/"
+            + implementation
+            + "/libconflict-set.0.dylib",
+        ):
+            try:
+                self._lib = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(f)
+            except:
+                pass
+
+        if self._lib is None:
+            import sys
+
+            print(
+                "Could not find libconflict-set implementation " + implementation,
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_create.argtypes = (ctypes.c_int64,)
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_create.restype = ctypes.c_void_p
+
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_check.argtypes = (
+            ctypes.c_void_p,
+            ctypes.POINTER(ReadRange),
+            ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int),
+            ctypes.c_int,
+        )
+
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_addWrites.argtypes = (
+            ctypes.c_void_p,
+            ctypes.POINTER(WriteRange),
+            ctypes.c_int,
+            ctypes.c_int64,
+        )
+
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_setOldestVersion.argtypes = (
+            ctypes.c_void_p,
+            ctypes.c_int64,
+        )
+
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_destroy.argtypes = (ctypes.c_void_p,)
+
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_getBytes.argtypes = (ctypes.c_void_p,)
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_getBytes.restype = ctypes.c_int64
+
+        self.p = self._lib.ConflictSet_create(version)
 
     def addWrites(self, version: int, *writes: WriteRange):
-        _lib.ConflictSet_addWrites(
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_addWrites(
             self.p, (WriteRange * len(writes))(*writes), len(writes), version
         )
 
     def check(self, *reads: ReadRange) -> list[Result]:
         r = (ctypes.c_int * len(reads))()
-        _lib.ConflictSet_check(self.p, *reads, r, 1)
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_check(
+            self.p, (ReadRange * len(reads))(*reads), r, len(reads)
+        )
         return [Result(x) for x in r]
 
     def setOldestVersion(self, version: int) -> None:
-        _lib.ConflictSet_setOldestVersion(self.p, version)
+        self._lib.ConflictSet_setOldestVersion(self.p, version)
+
+    def getBytes(self) -> int:
+        return self._lib.ConflictSet_getBytes(self.p)
 
     def __enter__(self):
         return self
 
     def close(self) -> None:
         if self.p is not None:
-            _lib.ConflictSet_destroy(self.p)
+            self._lib.ConflictSet_destroy(self.p)
             self.p = None
 
     def __exit__(self, exception_type, exception_value, exception_traceback):
-        if self.p is not None:
-            _lib.ConflictSet_destroy(self.p)
-            self.p = None
+        self.close()

conflict_set_cxx_api_test.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "ConflictSet.h"
 
 #include <cassert>
+#include <cstdio>
 
 using namespace weaselab;
 
@@ -21,4 +22,14 @@ int main(void) {
   assert(result == ConflictSet::Conflict);
   int64_t bytes = cs.getBytes();
   assert(bytes > 0);
+
+  ConflictSet::MetricsV1 *metrics;
+  int metricsCount;
+  cs.getMetricsV1(&metrics, &metricsCount);
+  for (int i = 0; i < metricsCount; ++i) {
+    printf("# HELP %s %s\n", metrics[i].name, metrics[i].help);
+    printf("# TYPE %s %s\n", metrics[i].name,
+           metrics[i].type == metrics[i].Counter ? "counter" : "gauge");
+    printf("%s %g\n", metrics[i].name, metrics[i].getValue());
+  }
 }